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Also known as: '''''SPA-RAO — Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD) — Summer Pasture-Associated Heaves

Also known as: '''''SPA-RAO — Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (SPAOPD) — Summer Pasture-Associated Heaves

==Description==

==Introduction==

Summer Pasture-Associated Recurrent Airway Obstruction (SPA-RAO) is an inflammatory condition of the lower airways affecting pasture-kept horses. This is in contrast to [[Recurrent Airway Obstruction]] that affects horses kept in a stabled environment. SPA-RAO is characterised by airway inflammation, increased airway mucus production, reduced mucociliary clearance and bronchoconstriction in response to allergen exposure. The pathogenesis of the disease is largely unknown but suggested hypotheses include inhaled pollens or outdoor moulds, or ingestion of a pasture-derived pneumotoxin. It occurs most commonly in the southern states of America but has also been reported in the United Kingdom.

Summer Pasture-Associated Recurrent Airway Obstruction (SPA-RAO) is an inflammatory condition of the lower airways affecting pasture-kept horses. This is in contrast to [[Recurrent Airway Obstruction]] that affects horses kept in a stabled environment. SPA-RAO is characterised by airway inflammation, increased airway mucus production, reduced mucociliary clearance and bronchoconstriction in response to allergen exposure. The pathogenesis of the disease is largely unknown but suggested hypotheses include inhaled pollens or outdoor moulds, or ingestion of a pasture-derived pneumotoxin. It occurs most commonly in the southern states of America but has also been reported in the United Kingdom.

In some cases, the response to environmental management may be significant and further treatment may not be required. In more severe cases, drug therapy may be required to sufficiently manage the horse's condition. Corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) are used in order to reduce airway inflammation and can be administered via nebulisation using an inhaler in order to produce the maximum concentration of the drug in the respiratory tract. Minimal systemic side effects are induced with this mode of administration. This treatment can be combined with a bronchodilator such as clenbuterol to reduce smooth muscle contraction in the lower airways. Antibiotics may be required if secondary bacterial infection is present.

In some cases, the response to environmental management may be significant and further treatment may not be required. In more severe cases, drug therapy may be required to sufficiently manage the horse's condition. Corticosteroids (e.g. dexamethasone) are used in order to reduce airway inflammation and can be administered via nebulisation using an inhaler in order to produce the maximum concentration of the drug in the respiratory tract. Minimal systemic side effects are induced with this mode of administration. This treatment can be combined with a bronchodilator such as clenbuterol to reduce smooth muscle contraction in the lower airways. Antibiotics may be required if secondary bacterial infection is present.

   

   

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|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28Summer+Pasture+Associated+Obstructive+Pulmonary+Disease%29+OR+title%3A%28SPA+RAO%29+OR+title%3A%28Summer+Pasture+Associated+Recurrent+Airway+Obstruction%29+OR+title%3A%28SPAOPD%29+OR+title%3A%28Summer+Pasture+Associated+Heaves%29%29+AND+od%3A%28horses%29 Summer Pasture-Associated Recurrent Airway Obstruction publications]

 

 

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=%28title%3A%28Summer+Pasture+Associated+Obstructive+Pulmonary+Disease%29+OR+title%3A%28SPA+RAO%29+OR+title%3A%28Summer+Pasture+Associated+Recurrent+Airway+Obstruction%29+OR+title%3A%28SPAOPD%29+OR+title%3A%28Summer+Pasture+Associated+Heaves%29%29+AND+od%3A%28horses%29 Summer Pasture-Associated Recurrent Airway Obstruction publications]

==References==

==References==

*Orsini, J. A., Divers, T. (2007) '''Equine Emergencies: Treatment and Procedures''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

*Orsini, J. A., Divers, T. (2007) '''Equine Emergencies: Treatment and Procedures''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''

[[Category:Allergic Respiratory Diseases]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]

[[Category:Allergic Respiratory Diseases]][[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Horse]]