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Specific knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual species is important. The absence of an epiglottis facilitates tracheoscopy but the glottis is capable of spasm and can be easily damaged. The air sac and extensive rib cage of snakes means that insufflation is not always necessary. The anatomy of the thin, sac-like, lung means that it can be easily punctured. The long, relatively straight gastrointestinal tract facilitates examination. The vent may permit access to the colon and urinary and reproductive openings.

Specific knowledge of the normal anatomy of individual species is important. The absence of an epiglottis facilitates tracheoscopy but the glottis is capable of spasm and can be easily damaged. The air sac and extensive rib cage of snakes means that insufflation is not always necessary. The anatomy of the thin, sac-like, lung means that it can be easily punctured. The long, relatively straight gastrointestinal tract facilitates examination. The vent may permit access to the colon and urinary and reproductive openings.

==Literature Search==

[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=0&q=((((subject:(radiography)+OR+subject:(endoscopy)+OR+subject:(coelioscopy)+OR+subject:(ultrasonography)+OR+subject:(ultrasound)+OR+subject:(ECG)+OR+subject:(echocardiography)))+OR+((title:(radiography)+OR+title:(endoscopy)+OR+title:(coelioscopy)+OR+title:(ultrasonography)+OR+title:(ultrasound)+OR+title:(ECG)+OR+title:(echocardiography)))))+AND+((((title:(lizard)+OR+ab:(lizard)+OR+od:(lizards)))+OR+((title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snakes))))) Lizard and Snake Imaging publications]

|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093018983.pdf ''' Snake radiology: the essentials!''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 22, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2008, 2008, pp 1772-1774, 3 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121826.pdf '''Reptile radiology: techniques, tips and pathology.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1626-1630, 4 ref.]

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?start=0&q=((((subject:(radiography)+OR+subject:(endoscopy)+OR+subject:(coelioscopy)+OR+subject:(ultrasonography)+OR+subject:(ultrasound)+OR+subject:(ECG)+OR+subject:(echocardiography)))+OR+((title:(radiography)+OR+title:(endoscopy)+OR+title:(coelioscopy)+OR+title:(ultrasonography)+OR+title:(ultrasound)+OR+title:(ECG)+OR+title:(echocardiography)))))+AND+((((title:(lizard)+OR+ab:(lizard)+OR+od:(lizards)))+OR+((title:(snake)+OR+ab:(snake)+OR+od:(snakes))))) Lizard and Snake Imaging publications]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093018983.pdf ''' Snake radiology: the essentials!''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 22, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2008, 2008, pp 1772-1774, 3 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181633.pdf '''Rigid endoscopy in reptiles: not just for the coelom anymore - an introduction to pneumonoscopy and cloacoscopy.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1720-1721, 12 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118400.pdf ''' Is that normal? Clinical cases and standardization of the two-dimensional echocardiographic examination in snakes.''' Schilliger, L.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1807-1809]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073120027.pdf '''Diagnostic imaging of lizards.''' Mitchell, M. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 21, Orlando, Florida, USA, 2007, 2007, pp 1590-1591 - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118445.pdf ''' Fish, frogs, birds, elephants, and more: laparoscopy of nondomestic species.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1940-1941, 12 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121826.pdf '''Reptile radiology: techniques, tips and pathology.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1626-1630, 4 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118399.pdf '''From A to Z: how to perform a diagnostic ultrasound examination in reptiles? '''Schilliger, L.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1802-1806, 16 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181633.pdf '''Rigid endoscopy in reptiles: not just for the coelom anymore - an introduction to pneumonoscopy and cloacoscopy.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 1720-1721, 12 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063186369.pdf '''Use of radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging in green iguanas (''Iguana iguana'') and corn snakes (''Elaphe guttata guttata'').''' Sykes, J. M., IV; Greer, L. L.; Ramsay, E. C.; Daniel, G. B.; Baer, C. K. ; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Thirteenth Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 23-27 April, 2006, 2006, pp 55-58, 11 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118400.pdf ''' Is that normal? Clinical cases and standardization of the two-dimensional echocardiographic examination in snakes.''' Schilliger, L.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1807-1809 - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118445.pdf ''' Fish, frogs, birds, elephants, and more: laparoscopy of nondomestic species.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1940-1941, 12 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240440.pdf '''Ultrasound in reptiles and amphibians.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1232-1233, 10 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118399.pdf '''From A to Z: how to perform a diagnostic ultrasound examination in reptiles? '''Schilliger, L.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1802-1806, 16 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240439.pdf ''' Radiology of reptiles and amphibians.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1231, 6 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063186369.pdf '''Use of radiopharmaceuticals for renal imaging in green iguanas (''Iguana iguana'') and corn snakes (''Elaphe guttata guttata'').''' Sykes, J. M., IV; Greer, L. L.; Ramsay, E. C.; Daniel, G. B.; Baer, C. K. ; Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Chester Heights, USA, Proceedings of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Thirteenth Annual Conference, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, 23-27 April, 2006, 2006, pp 55-58, 11 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121824.pdf '''Reptile diagnostic coelioscopy: a means to a definitive diagnosis.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1619-1623, 5 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240440.pdf '''Ultrasound in reptiles and amphibians.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1232-1233, 10 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121827.pdf ''' Reptile gastrointestinal and respiratory endoscopy: the need to look inside.''' Hernandez-Divers, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1631-1635, 6 ref.]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063240439.pdf ''' Radiology of reptiles and amphibians.''' Stetter, M.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, The North American Veterinary Conference 2003, Small Animal and Exotics. Orlando, Florida, USA, 18-22 January, 2003, 2003, pp 1231, 6 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063121845.pdf '''Introduction to cloacoscopy in snakes.''' Stahl, S. J.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Volume 20, Orlando, Florida, USA, 7-11 January, 2006, 2006, pp 1684, 4 ref.]