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Limb Muscles - Horse Anatomy (view source)
Revision as of 14:40, 11 October 2012
, 14:40, 11 October 2012→Pelvic Limb
==Pelvic Limb==
==Pelvic Limb==
The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups; girdle muscles and rump muscles.
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====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Girdle Musculature|Girdle Musculature]]====
The pelvic girdle musculature is made up of a number of distinct muscle groups.
'''''Psoas Minor'''''
The psoas minor muscle is marked by many tendinous intersections.
'''''Iliac'''''
The iliac muscle is a fleshy muscle that is cross-sectionally flat cranially and round caudally. It originates from two heads; a strong lateral head from the wing of the ilium and a small medial one from the ileal shaft. They enclose the '''greater psoas''' and will unite to form a common tendon for insertion.
'''''Quadrate Lumbar'''''
The quadrate lumbaris a thin, tendinous muscle whose origin is at the proximal end of the last rib and the transverse process of the cranial lumbar vertebrae. Its insertion is the transverse processes of the caudal lumbar vertebrae and the sacral wing.
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====[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Rump Muscles|Rump Muscles]]====
The rump muscles are also made up of a number of different muscle groups and have considerably more groups than the girdle muscles.
'''''Superficial Gluteal'''''
The superficial gluteal originates in the gluteal fascia and unites with the tensor muscle fascia lata, passing over the greater trochanter and attaching onto the third trochanter which radiates into the femoral fascia. A synovial bursa exists between the tendinous insertion and the third trochanter.
'''''Middle Gluteal'''''
The middle gluteal originates from four separate areas; the 1st lumbar vertebrae, aponeurosis of the longissimus muscle, the sacrum and the broad sacrotuberous ligament. The short portion of this muscle inserts on the greater trochanter whilst the deep portion inserts on both the greater trochanter and intertrochanteric crest.
'''''Tensor Muscle of the Fascia Lata'''''
The tensor muscle of the fascia lata originates from the coxal tuberosity and joins the fascia lata and so indirectly attaches to the patella, lateral pattelar ligament and cranial border of the tibia. A caudodorsal detachment joins the superficial gluteal and so attaches to the greater trochanter.
'''''Biceps Femoris'''''
The biceps originate from the vertebral head which is a spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae, and also from the caudal border of the sacrotuberous ligament and the ischial tuberosity. The two bellies of the '''biceps''' then unite and redivide into three parts that form an extensive aponeurosis. The cranial branch of the aponeurosis inserts just distal to the third trochanter on the caudal aspect of the femur, to the patella and to the lateral patellar ligament. The middle branch inserts onto the crural fascia, the lateral patellar ligament and the cranial aspect of the tibia. The caudal branch radiates into the crural fascia and forms the tarsal tendon. This combines with the detachment from the semitendinous inserts on the calcaneus.
'''''Semitendinosus'''''
The semitendinous muscle originates from various points including; the pelvic head, the ventral aspect of ischial tuberosity, the sacrum, 1st caudal vertebrae and the sacrotuberous ligament. The two bellies of the '''semitendinous''' then unite and run as a flat tendon to the medial side of the leg. It then partially fans out into the crural fascia and partially inserts onto the cranial aspect of the tibia. The remaining tendon joins the tarsal tendon.
'''''Semimembranosus'''''
The semimembranous also originates from various points including the vertebral head (sacrotuberous ligament), 1st caudal vertebrae, pelvic head and the ventral aspect of ischial tuberosity. The two bellies of the muscle then unite and insert at three places; the medial femoral condyle via a short tendon, the medial collateral ligament of the femerotibial joint and to the medial condyle of the tibia via an aponeurosis.
'''''Sartorius'''''
The sartorius muscle originates from the iliac fascia and the tendon of the '''psoas minor'''. It inserts via the medial patellar ligament, crural fascia and the tibial tuberosity.
'''''Gracilis'''''
The gracilis originates from the accessory ligament of the femoral head.
'''''Adductor Muscles'''''
The equine adductor muscles are formed from a short adductor and a greater adductor. They both insert along the entire medial aspect of the femur from the lesser trochanter to the medial condyles and the medial collateral stifle ligament.
'''''Internal Obturator'''''
The internal obturator originates from the cranial and medial border of the obturator foramen, the pelvic symphysis and pelvic aspect of the body of the ilium. It inserts on the trochantic fossa having passed over the lesser sciatic notch.
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