Changes

''''Interosseous medius/Suspensory ligament''''

''''Interosseous medius/Suspensory ligament''''

Proximally, this attaches to the distal row of carpal bones and metacarpus. It runs distally on the palmar surface of the metacarpal bone and then bifurcates proximal to the fetlock, with a small branch connecting to each sesamoid. It then continues distally on the dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx, and joins the common digital extensor, which continues to insert on the middle and distal phalanges.

Proximally, this attaches to the distal row of [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Bones|carpal bones]] and [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpus]]. It runs distally on the palmar surface of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpal]] bone and then bifurcates proximal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint|metacarpophalangeal]] (fetlock) joint, with a small branch connecting to each sesamoid. It then continues distally on the dorsal surface of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]] and joins the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|common digital extensor tendon]], which continues to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal]] phalanges.

Associated ligaments:

Associated ligaments:

:'''Collateral sesamoid ligaments''' - connect the abaxial surface of the sesamoid to the metacarpus and proximal phalanx.

:'''Collateral sesamoid ligaments''' - connect the abaxial surface of the sesamoid to the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpus]] and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]].

:'''Palmar ligaments''' - connect the sesamoid bones together.

:'''Palmar ligaments''' - connect the sesamoid bones together.

:'''Distal sesamoidean ligaments''' - connect the sesamoids to the proximal and middle phalanges. This ligament can be seen as a direct continuation of the interosseous muscle with the sesamoids emdedded in it.

:'''Distal sesamoidean ligaments''' - connect the sesamoids to the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal]]  and [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phalanx|middle]]  phalanges. This ligament can be seen as a direct continuation of the interosseous muscle with the sesamoids emdedded in it.

Thus by virtue of the ligamentous arrangement, the suspensory apparatus without any muscular action can resist extension of the fetlock and pastern through the '''distal sesamoidean ligaments''' and resist flexion of the pastern and coffin joints through the '''common digital extensor tendon'''.

Thus by virtue of the ligamentous arrangement, the suspensory apparatus without any muscular action can resist extension of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint|fetlock]] and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|pastern]] through the '''distal sesamoidean ligaments''' and resist flexion of the pastern and coffin joints through the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|common digital extensor tendon]].

===Stay Apparatus===

===Stay Apparatus===

The '''serratus ventralis''' supports the cranial part of the body, and connects the costal side of the scapula to points of attachment on the caudal cervical vertebrae and cranial ribs. It contains a tendinous layer that suspends the body once the muscles relax. This will, however, cause flexion of the shoulder which needs to be balanced by the extensors of the shoulder.  

The ''serratus ventralis'' supports the cranial part of the body, and connects the costal side of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Scapula|scapula]] to points of attachment on the caudal cervical vertebrae and cranial ribs. It contains a tendinous layer that suspends the body once the muscles relax. This will, however, cause flexion of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Shoulder Joint|shoulder]] which needs to be balanced by the extensors of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Shoulder Joint|shoulder]].  

The '''Biceps brachii''' fulfils this role. Its collagenous tendon extends the length of the muscle and divides near the elbow. The short tendon inserts on the radial tuberosity, the long tendon ('''lacertus fibrosus''') continues distally and blends with the tendon of the extensor carpi radialis and forearm fascia. Combined, these insert on the proximal end of the metacarpus. Thus, the biceps have provision to be able to relax without the collapse of the shoulder, elbow and carpal joints.

The '''Biceps brachii''' fulfils this role. Its collagenous tendon extends the length of the muscle and divides near the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Elbow Joint|elbow]]. The short tendon inserts on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radial tuberosity]], the long tendon ('''lacertus fibrosus''') continues distally and blends with the tendon of the ''extensor carpi radialis'' and forearm fascia. Combined, these insert on the proximal end of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metacarpus]]. Thus, the biceps have provision to be able to relax without the collapse of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Shoulder Joint|shoulder]], [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Elbow Joint|elbow]] and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpal]] joints.

===Check Apparatus===

===Check Apparatus===

The '''superficial digital flexor muscle''', continues past the carpus as a thick tendon. The '''accessory''' or '''superior check ligament''' is its tendinous radial head that joins the muscle at this point. The tendons continue distally and bifurcate by the fetlock into slips, that attach to the medial and lateral aspect of the pastern joint. There is therefore a ligamentous connection from the distal radius to the pastern that can help prevent extension of the carpal and fetlock joint without muscle contractions.

The '''superficial digital flexor muscle''', continues past the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpus]] as a thick tendon. The '''accessory''' or '''superior check ligament''' is its tendinous radial head that joins the muscle at this point. The tendons continue distally and bifurcate by the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint|fetlock]] into slips, that attach to the medial and lateral aspect of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|pastern]] joint. There is therefore a ligamentous connection from the distal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Radius and Ulna|radius]] to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|pastern]] that can help prevent extension of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Carpal Joint|carpal]] and [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpophalangeal (Fetlock) Joint|fetlock]] joint without muscle contractions.

 

The '''deep digital flexor''' also forms a thick tendon just proximal to the carpus. The accessory ligament or '''inferior check ligament''', joins the tendon at the middle of the metacarpus. They then continue through the bifurcation of the superficial flexor tendon, through the intersesamoidean groove at the fetlock joint, over the pastern and insert on the distal phalanx. This ligamentous tissue between the metacarpal region and distal phalanx helps prevent extension of the fetlock, pastern and coffin joints.

==Pelvic Limb==

==Pelvic Limb==