Changes

:'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock)

:'''Action''': Flexes the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock)

:Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock).

:Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] (hock).

:In the horse, its fibres join with the third fibular muscle proximal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]].

:In the horse, its fibres join with the ''third fibular muscle'' proximal to the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]].

'''''Peroneus tertius'''''

'''''Peroneus tertius'''''

'''''Lateral digital extensor'''''

'''''Lateral digital extensor'''''

:'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament,  proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the long digital extensor muscle and the long flexor muscle of the first digit.

:'''Origin''': Lateral patella ligament,  proximal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], lateral border of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]] and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the ''long digital extensor'' muscle and the ''long flexor muscle of the first digit''.

:'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]]

:'''Insertion''': [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Extensors|Long digital extensor tendon]]

:'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the long digital extensor.

:'''Action''': It appears to have no function, apart from maybe to support the ''long digital extensor''.

=='''Caudal Muscles of the Crus'''==

=='''Caudal Muscles of the Crus'''==

'''''Gastrocnemius'''''

'''''Gastrocnemius'''''

:'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the femur. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest.

:'''Origin''': Lateral head from the lateral supracondyloid crest of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]]. The medial head from the medial supracondyloid crest.

:'''Insertion''': Calcaneus as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon'''

:'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]] as part of the '''common calcaneal tendon'''

:'''Action''': Extends the tarsus, assists in flexing the stifle

:'''Action''': Extends the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]], assists in flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]]

:The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the superficial digital flexor. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the calcaneus.

:The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the ''superficial digital flexor''. A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneus]].

'''''Soleus'''''

'''''Soleus'''''

:'''Origin''': Head of the fibula

:'''Origin''': Head of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]]

:'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the gastrocnemius to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon

:'''Insertion''': Joins the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius'' to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon

:'''Action''': Mainly to assist the gastrocnemius

:'''Action''': Mainly to assist the ''gastrocnemius''

==='''Flexors of the Digits'''===

==='''Flexors of the Digits'''===

'''''Superficial digital flexor'''''

'''''Superficial digital flexor'''''

:'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal femur, attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius''

:'''Origin''': Supracondylar fossa on the caudal [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Femur|femur]], attached to the lateral head of the ''gastrocnemius''

:'''Insertion''': Calcaneus, the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the second phalanx, and the distal extremity of the first phalanx behind the collateral ligament of the pastern joint.

:'''Insertion''': [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|Calcaneus]], the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Middle Phlanax|middle phalanx]], and the distal extremity of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Proximal Phalanx|proximal phalanx]]  behind the collateral ligament of the [[Joints and Ligaments- Horse Anatomy#Proximal Interphalangeal (Pastern) Joint|proximal interphalangeal]] (pastern) joint .

:'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the hock and flexing the stifle.

:'''Action''': Extends the digit, assists in extending the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|tarsus]] and flexing the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Stifle Joint|stifle]].

:Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the common cunean tendon which forms the caudal part of the reciprocal apparatus.

:Almost entirely tendinous, major component of the '''common cunean tendon''' which forms the caudal part of the [[Stay Apparatus - Horse Anatomy#Reciprocal Mechanism|reciprocal apparatus]].

:Widens at the point of the hock to form a cap over the calcanean tuberosity. The calcaneal bursa lies between the calcaneal tuberosity and the superficial digital flexor tendon.

:Widens at the point of the [[Joints and Ligaments - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Joint|hock]] to form a cap over the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]]. The calcaneal bursa lies between the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tarsal Bones|calcaneal tuberosity]] and the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|superficial digital flexor tendon]].  

'''''Deep digital flexor'''''

'''''Deep digital flexor'''''

:'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the tibia, the caudal and medial aspect of the tibia.  

:'''Origin''': The deep digital flexor muscle has three heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|fibula]], the caudal and medial aspect of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]].  

:'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the third phalanx, continues as the deep digital flexor tendon to insert on the distal phalanx

:'''Insertion''': Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]], continues as the [[Tendons - Horse Anatomy#Flexors|deep digital flexor tendon]] to insert on the [[Phalanges - Horse Anatomy#Distal Phalanx|distal phalanx]]

:'''Action''': Flexes the digit

:'''Action''': Flexes the digit

:The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the tibia, to a third of the way down the metatarsus.

:The tendon has a synovial sheath from the distal fourth of the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Tibia and Fibula|tibia]], to a third of the way down the [[Bones and Cartilages - Horse Anatomy#Metacarpals and Metatarsals|metatarsus]].

<br>

<br>