Changes

The nerve is also involved in modulation of '''parasympathetic tone to the iris'''. The first and second order neuron pathways are the same as those responsible for vision, however after synapsing with the lateral geniculate nucleus axons involved in modulation of parasympathetic tone synapse with a third order neuron in the '''pretectal nucleus'''.  Most axons from the pretectal nucleus then decussate back to synapse in the parasympathetic component of the '''Occulomotor nerve (III)''' in the ipsilateral eye (because it has crossed once at the optic chiasm and then again at the pretectal nucleus).

The nerve is also involved in modulation of '''parasympathetic tone to the iris'''. The first and second order neuron pathways are the same as those responsible for vision, however after synapsing with the lateral geniculate nucleus axons involved in modulation of parasympathetic tone synapse with a third order neuron in the '''pretectal nucleus'''.  Most axons from the pretectal nucleus then decussate back to synapse in the parasympathetic component of the '''Occulomotor nerve (III)''' in the ipsilateral eye (because it has crossed once at the optic chiasm and then again at the pretectal nucleus).

The optic nerve can be examined clinically via a [[Neurological Eye Examination - Horse#Menace Response|menace response]] and anopsia (loss of vision) can be seen, especially associated with shear injury to the nerve after head trauma.

The optic nerve can be examined clinically via the [[Neurological Eye Examination - Horse#Menace Response|menace response]] and [[Neurological_Eye_Examination_-_Horse#The_pupillary_light_reflex_(PLR)|pupillary light reflex (PLR)]]. Anopsia (loss of vision) can be seen, especially associated with shear injury to the nerve after head trauma.

====Oculomotor nerve (III)====

====Oculomotor nerve (III)====