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The trigeminal nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of structures originating from branchial arches. The trigeminal nerve nuclei is in the area of the '''pons''' and '''medulla oblongata''' and is the nerve of the 1st branchial arch. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation of cutaneous elements of the face, cornea, mucosa of the nasal septum and mucosa of the oral cavity.  It also provides motor fibres to structures also associated with the 1st branchial arch, which are the muscles of mastication (''temporalis'', ''masseter'', ''medial and lateral pterygoids'' and ''rostral digastricus''. There are three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve; the '''Opthalmic nerve (V1)''', the ''' Maxillary nerve (V2)''' and the '''Mandibular nerve (V3)'''.

The trigeminal nerve is part of the cranial nerve group responsible for innervation of structures originating from branchial arches. The trigeminal nerve nuclei is in the area of the '''pons''' and '''medulla oblongata''' and is the nerve of the 1st branchial arch. The trigeminal nerve provides sensory innervation of cutaneous elements of the face, cornea, mucosa of the nasal septum and mucosa of the oral cavity.  It also provides motor fibres to structures also associated with the 1st branchial arch, which are the muscles of mastication (''temporalis'', ''masseter'', ''medial and lateral pterygoids'' and ''rostral digastricus''. There are three primary branches of the trigeminal nerve; the '''Opthalmic nerve (V1)''', the ''' Maxillary nerve (V2)''' and the '''Mandibular nerve (V3)'''.

=====Opthalmic nerve (V1)=====

=====Opthalmic nerve (V1)=====

The opthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres''' and passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''orbital fissue''']]. As it enters the orbit of the eye it splits further into the '''lacrimal nerve''', the '''frontal nerve''', the '''nasociliary nerve''' and the '''infratrochlear nerve'''. Therefore the nerve supplies sensory fibres to many aspects of the eye orbit.

The opthalmic nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres'''.  It passes along the cavernous sinus and exits via the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''orbital fissue''']]. As it enters the orbit of the eye, it splits further into the '''lacrimal nerve''', the '''frontal nerve''', the '''nasociliary nerve''' and the '''infratrochlear nerve'''.  

* The '''lacrimal nerve''' containes postganglionic parasympathetic fibres from the pterygopalatine ganglion that innervate the lacrimal gland. The lacrimal nerve also contains general somatic afferents that provide sensation to the lateral part of the upper eyelid.

*The '''infratrochlear nerve''' innervates the medial aspects of the eyelids, third eyelid and frontal sinus.

* '''Nasociliary nerves''', which carry parasympathetic fibres from the oculomotor nerve to the iris, also provide sensory innervation to the globe.

 

=====Maxillary nerve (V2)====

=====Maxillary nerve (V2)====

The maxillary nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres'''. The maxillary nerve passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''round foramen''']] and the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''alar canal''']]. It also runs across the wall of the '''pterygopalatine fossa''' and enters the '''infraorbital canal''' via the '''maxillary foramen'''. Whilst in the infraorbital canal, the maxillary nerve branch then branches further into the '''infraorbital nerve''' which supplies sensory fibres to the teeth. On exiting the infraorbital canal via the infraorbital foramen, the maxillary nerve branches again into the '''zygomatic nerve''' which supplies sensory fibres to the horn and to the '''pterygopalatine nerve''' supplying sensory fibres to the palate.

The maxillary nerve is a sensory nerve composed of '''general somatic afferent fibres'''. The maxillary nerve passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''round foramen''']] and the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Major Foramen and Canals|'''alar canal''']]. It also runs across the wall of the '''pterygopalatine fossa''' and enters the '''infraorbital canal''' via the '''maxillary foramen'''. Whilst in the infraorbital canal, the maxillary nerve branch then branches further into the '''infraorbital nerve''' which supplies sensory fibres to the teeth. On exiting the infraorbital canal via the infraorbital foramen, the maxillary nerve branches again into the '''zygomatic nerve''' which supplies sensory fibres to the horn and to the '''pterygopalatine nerve''' supplying sensory fibres to the palate.