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Equine Nervous System - Horse Anatomy (view source)
Revision as of 21:06, 21 November 2012
, 21:06, 21 November 2012t
The '''reticular formation''' is a diffuse interconnection of neurons running throughout the brainstem receiving both sensory and motor nerve tracts. This information is then passed on to higher centres in the brain such as the [[cerebrum]]. One important aspect of the reticular formation is that in order to transition from sleep to consciousness, the reticular formation is required to activate the cerebral cortex (ascending reticular activating system). It also contains '''cerebellar pathways''' and peduncles facilitating a connection from the brain stem to the cerebellum. There are also a number of ''''pyramidal pathways'''' and afferent pathways including the '''cuneate''' and '''gracile''' pathways.
The '''reticular formation''' is a diffuse interconnection of neurons running throughout the brainstem receiving both sensory and motor nerve tracts. This information is then passed on to higher centres in the brain such as the [[cerebrum]]. One important aspect of the reticular formation is that in order to transition from sleep to consciousness, the reticular formation is required to activate the cerebral cortex (ascending reticular activating system). It also contains '''cerebellar pathways''' and peduncles facilitating a connection from the brain stem to the cerebellum. There are also a number of ''''pyramidal pathways'''' and afferent pathways including the '''cuneate''' and '''gracile''' pathways.
=====Medulla Oblongata=====
The medulla oblongata can be found within the '''myelencephalon''' region of the hindbrain. Nuclei in the medulla oblongata control '''heart activity''' including rate and contractility. The medulla oblongata also controls other related functions, including '''blood pressure''' and distribution of blood to different organs. In conjunction with the nuclei found in the pons, the medulla oblongata also exerts an influence on '''respiratory movements'''.
=====Pons=====
The pons can be found in the '''metencephalon''' region of the hindbrain. The pons is able to exert some influence on '''respiratory movements''' and can also influence many '''digestive processes'''.
=====Cranial Nerves=====
[[Cranial Nerves - Anatomy & Physiology|Cranial nerves]] III to XII exit from the brain stem and act to innervate parts of the head, neck, viscera and the thoracic and abdominal cavities. Although most of these nerves contain both sensory and motor fibres, the sensory fibres all have their cell bodies in ganglia outside the brainstem.
=====Cerebellum=====
[[Image:braincerebellumarrow.jpg|thumb|right|150px|The location of the cerebellum. Image courtesy of BioMed Archive]]
The cerebellum is located in the caudal part of the cranial cavity and is caudal to the [[Meninges - Anatomy & Physiology#Dura_mater|'''tentorium cerebelli''']] but dorsal to the fourth ventricle. Its gross structure is made up of a central ''''vermis'''' surrounded by two '''lateral hemispheres'''. It is attached to the brain stem via three pairs of '''peduncles'''; a rostral pair to the midbrain, a middle pair to the pons and a caudal pair to the medulla oblongata. Its internal structure is composed of a cerebellar cortex which is made up of fissures on the surface that divide into lobules and then further sub divide into '''folia''' or leaves. There are white matter fibres running to and from this cortex, also called '''arbor vitae'''. Within the cerebellum there are various '''nuclei''' including the '''dentate, interpositus''' and the '''fastigial'''.
The generalised function of the cerebellum is to receive information regarding any '''movement''' in progress or any intended movement via inputs from the muscles, vestibular system and motor centres of the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. The most important function of the cerebellum is to minimise the difference between the intended and the actual movements. The cerebellum then projects corrections regarding these movements to all motor centres of the brain via feedback circuits between the pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems. It should be noted that the cerebellum '''cannot initiate movement'''.
===Cranial Nerves===
===Cranial Nerves===