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==Olfactory Nerve (I)==

==Olfactory Nerve (I)==

The olfactory nerve is involved in the conscious perception of smell.  Primary afferent cell bodies are located within the olfactory epithelium of the nasal mucosa on ethmoturbiate bones,rather than in a ganglion like the other cranial nerves.  Projections from these cell bodies are the olfactory nerve fibres. The olfactory nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of many '''Special Visceral Afferent''' fibres. The fibres are formed into bundles that are referred to as 'Olfactory filaments'. The olfactory nerve passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Ethmoid Bone (os ethmoidale)|'''Cribiform plate''']] and is surrounded by meningeal sheets including the [[Meninges - Anatomy & Physiology#Subarachnoid_Space|sub-arachnoid space]]. The olfactory nerve terminates at the [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Olfactory_Bulb|olfactory bulb]]. The horse also has nerves which arise from the nasal septum that course into the olfactory bulb, along with the '''vomeronasal nerve''' arising from the '''vomeronasal organ'''. Secondary neurons within the olfactory bulb project through the olfactory tracts to synapse with third order neurons in the medial forebrain bundle, amygdala, septal nuclei and habenular nuclei.

The olfactory nerve is involved in the conscious perception of smell.  Primary afferent cell bodies are located within the olfactory epithelium of the nasal mucosa on [[Equine Upper Respiratory Tract - Horse Anatomy#Nasal Cavity|ethmoturbiate bones]],rather than in a ganglion like the other cranial nerves.  Projections from these cell bodies are the olfactory nerve fibres. The olfactory nerve is a sensory nerve and is composed of many '''Special Visceral Afferent''' fibres. The fibres are formed into bundles that are referred to as 'Olfactory filaments'. The olfactory nerve passes through the [[Skull and Facial Muscles - Anatomy & Physiology#Ethmoid Bone (os ethmoidale)|'''Cribiform plate''']] and is surrounded by meningeal sheets including the [[Equine Meninges - Horse Anatomy#Subarachnoid Space|sub-arachnoid space]]. The olfactory nerve terminates at the [[Forebrain - Anatomy & Physiology#Olfactory_Bulb|olfactory bulb]]. The horse also has nerves which arise from the nasal septum that course into the olfactory bulb, along with the '''vomeronasal nerve''' arising from the '''vomeronasal organ'''. Secondary neurons within the olfactory bulb project through the olfactory tracts to synapse with third order neurons in the medial forebrain bundle, amygdala, septal nuclei and habenular nuclei.

In the horse, special consideration must be given to diseases of the guttural pouch when considering cranial nerve dysfunction. The Glossopharangeal (IX), Vagus (X)and  Accessory (XII) nerves are located in the medial compartment of the guttural pouch. The Facial (VII) nerve runs along the lateral compartment. The Mandibular nerve (V2) has limited contact with the dorsal wall of the lateral compartment.. Guttural pouch mycosis commonly results in paresis of cranial nerves IX,V and XII as well as erosion of the internal carotid artery. Rarely, there is involvement of cranial nerves VII and VIII.

In the horse, special consideration must be given to diseases of the [[Equine Upper Respiratory Tract - Horse Anatomy#Guttural Pouches|guttural pouch]] when considering cranial nerve dysfunction. The Glossopharangeal (IX), Vagus (X)and  Accessory (XII) nerves are located in the medial compartment of the guttural pouch. The Facial (VII) nerve runs along the lateral compartment. The Mandibular nerve (V2) has limited contact with the dorsal wall of the lateral compartment. [[Guttural Pouch Mycosis]]results in paresis of cranial nerves IX,V and XII as well as erosion of the internal carotid artery. Rarely, there is involvement of cranial nerves VII and VIII.

==Optic Nerve (II)==

==Optic Nerve (II)==