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=== Occipital Bone (''os occipitale'')  ===

=== Occipital Bone (''os occipitale'')  ===

The occipital bone is the most caudal bone of the skull and the '''external occipital protuberance''' is the most caudal element found medially within the bone. The occipital bone has '''nuchal crests''' laterally and a '''sagittal crest''' medially and dorsally to the external occipital protuberance. The '''sagittal crest''' is prominent and can be palpated in most canines unless they are very well muscled. These elements together form the '''nuchal wall''' and the '''foramen magnum'''. The '''pars basilaris''' element is the caudal base of the cranium, although rostral to foramen magnum and joined by a cartilagenous suture to '''basisphenoid bone'''. It has muscular tubercules on ventral surface where the flexors of the head and neck attach and a caudocranial fossa encloses the pons and medulla oblongata. The squamous part '''''(pars squamosa)''''' is dorsal to lateral parts and occipital condyles. A nuchal crest is present and is easily palpable. The nuchal crest is often used as a landmark for collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There are also external occipital protuberances present which provide muscle attachment sites for the nuchal ligament. The lateral parts '''''(partes laterales)''''' form the borders of foramen magnum. '''Occipital condyles''' are present which articulate with the atlas to form the atlanto-occipital joint. The '''paracondylar process''' provide muscle attachment sites for muscles of the head. The '''hypoglossal canal''' is also within this structure.

The occipital bone is the most caudal bone of the skull and the '''external occipital protuberance''' is the most caudal element found medially within the bone. This protuberance provides the attachment for the nuchal ligament. The occipital bone has '''nuchal crests''' laterally and a '''sagittal crest''' medially and dorsally to the external occipital protuberance. The '''sagittal crest''' is prominent and can be palpated in most canines unless they are very well muscled. These elements together form the '''nuchal wall''' and the '''foramen magnum'''. The '''pars basilaris''' element is the caudal base of the cranium, although rostral to foramen magnum and joined by a cartilagenous suture to '''basisphenoid bone'''. It has muscular tubercules on ventral surface where the flexors of the head and neck attach and a caudocranial fossa encloses the pons and medulla oblongata. The squamous part '''''(pars squamosa)''''' is dorsal to lateral parts and occipital condyles. The nuchal crest is often used as a landmark for collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). '''Occipital condyles''' are present which articulate with the atlas to form the atlanto-occipital joint. The '''paracondylar process''' provide muscle attachment sites for muscles of the head. The '''hypoglossal canal''' is also within this structure.

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