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→Radius and Ulna
===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Radius|Radius and Ulna]]===
===[[Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Radius|Radius and Ulna]]===
The radius and ulna provide the connection between the proximal forelimb to the bony structures of the distal limb. In canines the ulna is caudal to the radius proximally and then becomes lateral to the radius distally. In canines the ability to pronate or supinate the limb is restricted and is only possible to approximately 45 degrees.
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The radius is a smaller bone than the ulna in canines with a long thin cylindrical shape. The overall shape of the radius is craniodorsally compressed and the proximal end has a ''circumferentrial facet'' allowing articulation with the proximal ulna. The distal end is slightly widened with fossa to allow some degree of articulation with the ulna and a ''medial styloid process''. The distal part of the radius contains grooves which allow extensor tendons to pass. The radial tuberosity provides a site of attachment for brachialis and biceps brachii mm. This roughened area is very variable in size in dogs and can be non-existent in some.
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==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==
==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==