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→Hindlimb
===Distal Hindlimb===
===Distal Hindlimb===
===Tarsus===
====Tarsus====
The tarsal bones are arranged in three rows moving proximally to distally and seven bones comprise the tarsus. The proximal row of tarsal bones is made up of the two largest bones; the '''talus''' medially and the '''calcaneus''' laterally. In canines the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula proximally and the calcaneus laterally. The calcaneus only has a slight articulation with the fibula. The middle row of tarsal bones is made up of a single bone; the '''central tarsal bone'''. This bone articulates with the tarsal bone proximally and the individual distal tarsal bones. The distal row of tarsal bones is made up of four bones in canines and are numbered one to four in a medial to lateral direction. Each tarsal bone corresponds to a metatarsal except for the most lateral (bone four) which articulates with the calcaneus proximally and the fourth and fifth metatarsals. The fourth tarsal bone is much larger than the others in canines and and protrudes much deeper into the central space of the tarsus than the other tarsal bones.
The tarsal bones are arranged in three rows moving proximally to distally and seven bones comprise the tarsus. The proximal row of tarsal bones is made up of the two largest bones; the '''talus''' medially and the '''calcaneus''' laterally. In canines the talus articulates with the tibia and fibula proximally and the calcaneus laterally. The calcaneus only has a slight articulation with the fibula. The middle row of tarsal bones is made up of a single bone; the '''central tarsal bone'''. This bone articulates with the tarsal bone proximally and the individual distal tarsal bones. The distal row of tarsal bones is made up of four bones in canines and are numbered one to four in a medial to lateral direction. Each tarsal bone corresponds to a metatarsal except for the most lateral (bone four) which articulates with the calcaneus proximally and the fourth and fifth metatarsals. The fourth tarsal bone is much larger than the others in canines and and protrudes much deeper into the central space of the tarsus than the other tarsal bones.
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===Metatarsals===
====Metatarsals====
The arrangement of the metatarsals are similar to those of the metacarpals in that they are rod shaped bones (although slightly more rounded), numbered from I to V. The 1st is the most medial and is very small, the 3rd and 4th are the longest. Overall the length of the metatarsals is 20% longer than the metacarpals. The first metatarsal is not found in every canine as it is a very simplified bone making the ''dew claw'' and it is often not found on many dogs. The proximal base of each articulates with it's corresponding carpal bone and the adjacent metacarpal. The distal end is its head, which is transversely cylindrical and articulates with the proximal phalanx. Metacarpals II - V possess a sagittal ridge on their palmar aspects.
The arrangement of the metatarsals are similar to those of the metacarpals in that they are rod shaped bones (although slightly more rounded), numbered from I to V. The 1st is the most medial and is very small, the 3rd and 4th are the longest. Overall the length of the metatarsals is 20% longer than the metacarpals. The first metatarsal is not found in every canine as it is a very simplified bone making the ''dew claw'' and it is often not found on many dogs. The proximal base of each articulates with it's corresponding carpal bone and the adjacent metacarpal. The distal end is its head, which is transversely cylindrical and articulates with the proximal phalanx. Metacarpals II - V possess a sagittal ridge on their palmar aspects.
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===Phalanges===
====Phalanges====
The bone anatomy of the hindlimb phalanges is identical to that of the forelimbs and therefore has not been repeated here. For more detailed anatomy of the phalanges, please see the forelimb distal limb section above.
The bone anatomy of the hindlimb phalanges is identical to that of the forelimbs and therefore has not been repeated here. For more detailed anatomy of the phalanges, please see the forelimb distal limb section above.