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===''Bacillus anthracis''===
===''Bacillus anthracis''===
*
*Epidemiology:
**Endospore formation allows persistence and spread
**Endospores survive decades in the soil
**Outbreaks in herbivores grazing pastures contaminated by spores from buried carcases
**Infection usually by ingestion of spores
*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
*Pathogenesis and pathogenicity:
**Saprophyte in soil
**Saprophyte in soil
**Protective factor binds to the cell receptor to allow action of the other factors
**Protective factor binds to the cell receptor to allow action of the other factors
**The toxin kills phagocytes, increases capillary permeability and interferes with clooting cascade
**The toxin kills phagocytes, increases capillary permeability and interferes with clooting cascade
*Clinical signs:
*Clinical signs:
**
**Cattle:
***Fatal peracute septicaemia
***Capillary thrombosis; leakage of fluid through damaged capillary endothelium
***Systemic shock from circulatory collapse, haemorrhage and oedema lead to death of the animal
**Pigs:
***Subacute anthrax with oedematous pharyngeal swelling; intestinal form with high mortality
**Horses:
***Subacute anthrax with localised oedema; septicaemia with colic and enteritis
*Associated with food spoilage
*Associated with food spoilage
*Abortion in cattle and sheep, possibly from spoiled silage or hay
*Abortion in cattle and sheep, possibly from spoiled silage or hay
===''Bacillus cereus''===
*Mastitis in cattle
*Food poisoning and eye infections in humans