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===Clinical infections===
===''Campylobacter fetus'' subspecies ''venerealis''===
*Venereal infection of cattle
*Infertility in female cattle
*Found in glandular crypts of prepuce of bull with no clinical signs - carriers
*Causes catarrhal inflammation in female genital tract
*Endometritis prevents implantation until infection gone and causes early embryonic death, occasionally sporadic abortion
*May remain infertile for 3-5 months before immunity develops, which lasts 4-5 years
*Effective immunity includes induction of IgA in the vagina and IgG in the uterus
*Bacteria may persist in the vagina and be transmitted to bulls
*Diagnosis:
**Fluorescent antibody test on genital discharges from bull/cow
**Vaginal mucus agglutination test
**ELISA to IgA antibodies in vaginal mucus after an abortion
**PCR for detection in semen
*Treatment: dihydrostreptomycin intrauterine for cows and systemically or topically for bulls
*Vaccination: bacterin in oil adjuvant
===''Campylobacter fetus'' subspecies ''fetus;;===
*