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| *Host adapted and non-host adapted species varying in virulence for different hosts | | *Host adapted and non-host adapted species varying in virulence for different hosts |
− | *Different species cause specific diseases in particular hosts | + | *Species cause specific diseases in particular hosts |
| *Repsiratory, enteric, pleural and reproductive diseases in animals and humans | | *Repsiratory, enteric, pleural and reproductive diseases in animals and humans |
| + | *Conjunctivitis, arthritis, abortion, urethritis, enteritis, pneumonia, encephalomyelitis |
| + | *Manifestation varies from subclinical to severe systemic infections |
| *Intestinal infections often subclinical and persistent | | *Intestinal infections often subclinical and persistent |
| + | *Human infections usualy acquired from infected birds, causing psittacosis or ornthosis, causing respiratory infections |
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| *Only grow in presence of living eukaryotic cells | | *Only grow in presence of living eukaryotic cells |
| *Unable to synthesis ATP therefore require intermediates from host cells | | *Unable to synthesis ATP therefore require intermediates from host cells |
− | *Grow in embyonated eggs and McCoy cells as well as animal tissues
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| *Not stained by Gram stain | | *Not stained by Gram stain |
− | *Kosters (modified Ziehl-Neelson, small red rods) or fluorescent antibody stain required for detection
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− | *Blue inclusions in cytoplasm of Giemsa-stained cels
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− | *Antigen detection kits for diagnosis from swabs
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| *Two morphological forms | | *Two morphological forms |
| **Elementary body, the infective extracellular form, which is small, metabolically inert and osmotically stable; surrounded by cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane with LPS, but no peptidoglycan | | **Elementary body, the infective extracellular form, which is small, metabolically inert and osmotically stable; surrounded by cytoplasmic membrane, outer membrane with LPS, but no peptidoglycan |
| **Retiuculate body: larger, metabolically active, osmotically fragile | | **Retiuculate body: larger, metabolically active, osmotically fragile |
| *Elementary body survives in the environment for several days | | *Elementary body survives in the environment for several days |
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| *Reticulate bodies mature and condense to form elementary bodies | | *Reticulate bodies mature and condense to form elementary bodies |
| *Elementary bodies released from dying host cells after about 72 hours to infect other cells | | *Elementary bodies released from dying host cells after about 72 hours to infect other cells |
− | *Persistent infections can occur if replication delayed by environmental conditions | + | *Persistent infections can occur if replication delayed by environmental conditions such as presence of interferon gamma |
| *Many infections subclinical due to intracellular existence of ''chlamydia'' preventing inflammatory reactions | | *Many infections subclinical due to intracellular existence of ''chlamydia'' preventing inflammatory reactions |
| *Chronic infections may fail to induce an immune response, or may repeatedly stimulate the immune system, causing a delayed hypersensitivity reaction and tissue damage | | *Chronic infections may fail to induce an immune response, or may repeatedly stimulate the immune system, causing a delayed hypersensitivity reaction and tissue damage |
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| *Ovine enzootic abortion | | *Ovine enzootic abortion |
− | *Contagious ovine abortion in late pregnancy | + | *Especially in intensive systems |
| + | *Ewe lambs may acquire infection at birth, and abort in their first pregnancy |
| *Infection via ingestion or inhalation causes a bacteraemia | | *Infection via ingestion or inhalation causes a bacteraemia |
− | *Bacteria localise in placenta and cause placentitis, leading to abortion | + | *Bacteria localise in placenta and cause placentitis, leading to late abortion or premature weak lambs |
− | *Abortion rates may reach 30% | + | *Necrosis of cotyledons and oedema of adjacent tissue, as well as dirty pink uterine discharge |
| + | *Aborted lambs well preserved |
| + | *Large numbers of chlamydiae shed in placenta and uterine discharges; survive in environment for several days |
| + | *Abortion rates may reach 30% in susceptible flock |
| + | *Ewes infected late in pregnancy may not abort, but may abort during the next pregnancy |
| + | *No other clinical signs in aborting ewes |
| *Fertility not impaired | | *Fertility not impaired |
| *Survival of elementary bodies in faeces and wild birds are a source of infection from one lambing season to the next | | *Survival of elementary bodies in faeces and wild birds are a source of infection from one lambing season to the next |
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| *Vaccines prevent infection but will not clear infection from persistently-infected animals | | *Vaccines prevent infection but will not clear infection from persistently-infected animals |
| *Vaccination of ewe lambs | | *Vaccination of ewe lambs |
| + | *Also abortion in cattle, goats and pigs |
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| ===Diagnosis=== | | ===Diagnosis=== |
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− | | + | *Direct microscopy of smears and tissues e.g. organs from aborted foetuses, liver/spleen from avian cases |
− | ===Treatments===
| + | *Kosters (modified Ziehl-Neelson) stain of placental smears shows small red rods |
| + | *Blue inclusions in cytoplasm of Giemsa-stained cells |
| + | *Methylene blue stain with darkfield microscopy |
| + | *Fluorescent antibody stain |
| + | *Antigen detection kits for diagnosis from swabs |
| + | *ELISA to detect ''Chlamydophila'' LPS |
| + | *Isolation in embyonated eggs and McCoy cells as well as animal tissues |
| + | *PCR to detect chlamydial DNA |
| + | *Serological tests: complement fixation, ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence |