Changes

==Analgesia==

==Analgesia==

The concept of pre-emptive analgesia describes the administration of [[Analgesic Drugs|analgesics]] preoperatively to reduce the severity of postoperative pain. It is important to distinguish between pre-emptive analgesia and alleviation of postoperative pain. In other words, pre-emptive analgesia may block sensitization, but it does not eliminate postoperative pain. Therefore additional measures are still required to ensure a comfortable recovery. The optimum form of pain therapy is constant pre-emptive analgesia, continuously preventing the establishment of sensitization. <br><br>

The concept of '''pre-emptive analgesia''' describes the administration of [[Analgesic Drugs|analgesics]] preoperatively to reduce the severity of postoperative pain. It is important to distinguish between pre-emptive analgesia and alleviation of postoperative pain. In other words, pre-emptive analgesia may block sensitization, but it '''does not eliminate postoperative pain'''. Therefore additional measures are still required to ensure a comfortable recovery. The optimum form of pain therapy is constant pre-emptive analgesia, continuously preventing the establishment of sensitization. <br><br>

The administration of [[opioids]] or [[Local Anaesthetics|local anesthetic drugs]] block central sensitization and [[NSAIDs|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]] reduce the severity of the peripheral inflammatory response. The combined use of an opioid and an NSAID is more effective than using either drug alone. Local anesthetics (analgesics) can produce complete pain relief by blocking all sensory input from the affected area.

The administration of [[opioids]] or [[Local Anaesthetics|local anesthetic drugs]] block central sensitization and [[NSAIDs|nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)]] reduce the severity of the peripheral inflammatory response. The combined use of an opioid and an NSAID is more effective than using either drug alone. Local anesthetics (analgesics) can produce complete pain relief by blocking all sensory input from the affected area.

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==Local Anaesthesia==

==Local Anaesthesia==

Local anaesthesia (LA) can be used to provide intra- and postoperative analgesia. In contrast to human patients, dogs and cats are not amenable to LA if conscious. So, the techniques are used when the animal is under GA.  <font color="red">****see surgical procedures for techqniue*****</font color><br><br>

[[:Category:Local Analgesia|Local anaesthesia (LA)]] can be used to provide intra- and postoperative analgesia. In contrast to human patients, dogs and cats are not amenable to LA if conscious. So, the techniques are used when the animal is under GA.  <font color="red">****see surgical procedures for techqniue*****</font color><br><br>

When given prior to the start of a procedure, the use of LA may reduce the requirement for GA drugs during surgery. When given at the end of a procedure, prior to GA recovery, they will provide postoperative analgesia.<br><br>

When given prior to the start of a procedure, the use of LA may reduce the requirement for [[:Category:Anaesthetic Drugs|general anaesthetic (GA) drugs]] during surgery. When given at the end of a procedure, prior to GA recovery, they will provide postoperative analgesia.<br><br>

Useful techniques in the oral cavity include [[Local Infiltration|'''infiltration anaesthesia''']] and [[Specific Nerve Blocks|'''regional nerve blocks''']].<br><br>

Useful techniques in the oral cavity include [[Local Infiltration|'''infiltration anaesthesia''']] and [[Specific Nerve Blocks|'''regional nerve blocks''']].<br><br>

All clinically used local anaesthetics are '''membrane-stabilizing agents'''. They prevent depolarization and thus stop or retard conduction of impulses. Sensation disappears in the following order: pain, cold, warmth, touch, joint and deep pressure. [[Local Anaesthetics#procaine|'''Procaine hydrochloride''']] is the prototype of all local anesthetics. It is the standard drug for comparison of anesthetic effects. For LA in the oral cavity [[Local Anaesthetics#Lidocaine|'''lidocaine]], [[Local Anaesthetics#Mepivicaine|mepivacaine]],[[Local Anaesthetics#Bupivacaine| bupivacaine]] and ropivacaine''' are all suitable. The local anaesthetic drug chosen for postoperative pain relief should ideally have a long duration of action, therefore [[Local Anaesthetics#Bupivacaine|'''bupivacaine ''']](onset 15 minutes, duration 4–6 hours) '''is the drug of choice'''. Lidocaine can be used during surgery for a more immediate effect.<br><br>

All clinically used local anaesthetics are '''membrane-stabilizing agents'''. They prevent depolarization and thus stop or retard conduction of impulses. '''Sensation disappears in the following order: pain, cold, warmth, touch, joint and deep pressure.''' [[Local Anaesthetics#procaine|'''Procaine hydrochloride''']] is the prototype of all local anesthetics. It is the standard drug for comparison of anesthetic effects. For LA in the oral cavity [[Local Anaesthetics#Lidocaine|'''lidocaine]], [[Local Anaesthetics#Mepivicaine|mepivacaine]],[[Local Anaesthetics#Bupivacaine| bupivacaine]] and ropivacaine''' are all suitable. The local anaesthetic drug chosen for postoperative pain relief should ideally have a long duration of action, therefore [[Local Anaesthetics#Bupivacaine|'''bupivacaine ''']](onset 15 minutes, duration 4–6 hours) '''is the drug of choice'''. Lidocaine can be used during surgery for a more immediate effect.<br><br>

==Mechanism of Action==

==Mechanism of Action==

[[Category:Dental and Oral Medication]]

[[Category:Dental and Oral Medication]]

[[Category:To Do - Dentistry Images]]

[[Category:To Do - Dentistry questions]]