Changes

==Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD)==

==Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD)==

The depth of the sulcus can be assessed by gently inserting a graduated [[Oral Examination Instruments#Periodontal Probe|periodontal probe]] '''until resistance is encountered at the base of the sulcus'''. The depth from the free [[Gingiva|gingival margin]] to the base of the sulcus is measured in mm at several locations around the whole circumference of the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]]. The probe is moved gently horizontally, walking along the floor of the sulcus. The '''gingival sulcus is 1–3 mm deep in the dog''' and '''0.5–1 mm in the cat'''. Measurements in excess of these values usually indicate [[Periodontal Disease|periodontal disease]], when the [[Enamel Organ#Periodontal Ligament|periodontal ligament]] has been destroyed and [[Enamel Organ#Alveolar Bone|alveolar bone]] resorbed, thus allowing the probe to be inserted to a greater depth. The term used to describe this is '''periodontal pocketing'''. All sites with periodontal pocketing should be accurately recorded. Gingival inflammation resulting in swelling or hyperplasia of the free [[gingiva]] will, of course, also result in measuring sulcus depths in excess of normal values. In these situations, the term '''pseudopocketing''' is used, as the periodontal ligament and bone are intact (i.e.there is no evidence of [[periodontitis]]) and the increase in PPD is due to swelling or hyperplasia of the gingiva.

The depth of the sulcus can be assessed by gently inserting a graduated [[Periodontal Probe|periodontal probe]] '''until resistance is encountered at the base of the sulcus'''. The depth from the free [[Gingiva|gingival margin]] to the base of the sulcus is measured in mm at several locations around the whole circumference of the [[:Category:Teeth - Anatomy & Physiology|tooth]]. The probe is moved gently horizontally, walking along the floor of the sulcus. The '''gingival sulcus is 1–3 mm deep in the dog''' and '''0.5–1 mm in the cat'''. Measurements in excess of these values usually indicate [[Periodontal Disease|periodontal disease]], when the [[Enamel Organ#Periodontal Ligament|periodontal ligament]] has been destroyed and [[Enamel Organ#Alveolar Bone|alveolar bone]] resorbed, thus allowing the probe to be inserted to a greater depth. The term used to describe this is '''periodontal pocketing'''. All sites with periodontal pocketing should be accurately recorded. Gingival inflammation resulting in swelling or hyperplasia of the free [[gingiva]] will, of course, also result in measuring sulcus depths in excess of normal values. In these situations, the term '''pseudopocketing''' is used, as the periodontal ligament and bone are intact (i.e.there is no evidence of [[periodontitis]]) and the increase in PPD is due to swelling or hyperplasia of the gingiva.

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==Gingival Recession==

==Gingival Recession==

Gingival recession is also measured using a [[Oral Examination Instruments#Periodontal Probe|periodontal probe]]. It is the '''distance (in mm) from the cemento-enamel junction to the free [[Gingiva|gingival margin]]'''. At sites with gingival recession, [[#Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD)|PPD]] may be within normal values despite loss of [[Enamel Organ#Alveolar Bone|alveolar bone]] due to [[periodontitis]].

Gingival recession is also measured using a [[Periodontal Probe|periodontal probe]]. It is the '''distance (in mm) from the cemento-enamel junction to the free [[Gingiva|gingival margin]]'''. At sites with gingival recession, [[#Periodontal Probing Depth (PPD)|PPD]] may be within normal values despite loss of [[Enamel Organ#Alveolar Bone|alveolar bone]] due to [[periodontitis]].

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==Furcation Involvement==

==Furcation Involvement==

Furcation involvement refers to the situation where the '''bone between the roots of multirooted teeth is destroyed''' due to [[periodontitis]] <font color="red">(Fig. 6.4)</font color>. The furcation sites of multirooted teeth should be examined with ''either a [[Oral Examination Instruments#Periodontal Probe|periodontal probe]]''. The grading of furcation involvement:

Furcation involvement refers to the situation where the '''bone between the roots of multirooted teeth is destroyed''' due to [[periodontitis]] <font color="red">(Fig. 6.4)</font color>. The furcation sites of multirooted teeth should be examined with ''either a [[Periodontal Probe|periodontal probe]]''. The grading of furcation involvement:

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:'''Grade 0''' - No furcation involvement

:'''Grade 0''' - No furcation involvement