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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Tooth fractures may affect the crown, the crown and the root or just the root.

Tooth fractures may affect the [[Enamel Organ#Crown|crown]], the crown and the [[Enamel Organ#Root|root]] or just the root.

Fractures are termed '''complicated''' if there is exposure of the pulp.

Fractures are termed '''complicated''' if there is exposure of the pulp.

All teeth are susceptible to fracture, but in the mature dog and cat, '''maxillary canines''' are most commonly broken, followed by the mandibular canine, the maxillary fourth premolars, and incisors. In the immature dog less than 6 months old, '''deciduous canine''' teeth commonly fracture.

All teeth are susceptible to fracture, but in the mature dog and cat, '''maxillary canines''' are most commonly broken, followed by the mandibular canine, the maxillary fourth premolars, and incisors. In the immature dog less than 6 months old, '''deciduous canine''' teeth commonly fracture.

'''Causes''' of fracture include: chewing on metal fences or gates, hard chew toys, stones, ice cubes, horse and cow hooves. Road traffic accidents and other trauma can also lead to fractures.  

'''Causes''' of fracture include: chewing on metal fences or gates, hard chew toys, stones, ice cubes, horse and cow hooves.  

 

 

External head trauma from road traffic accidents (RTAs) or external blows/kicks can also result in tooth fractures.

 

 

:'''Class A2b''' – involves the enamel and dentine but has also exposed the pulp cavity

 

Fractures may also be classified as '''crown only''', '''crown-root fractures''' or '''root fracture'''.  

==Crown Fractures==

==Crown Fractures==

The treatment of choice is to smooth any sharp edges with fine diamond burs or sanding disks in order to prevent trauma to the lips and tongue.  

The treatment of choice is to smooth any sharp edges with fine diamond burs or sanding disks in order to prevent trauma to the lips and tongue.  

'''Radiography''' should be obtained to check for any apical root fractures and a follow-up radiograph should be performed within the year to check for periapical pathology.

[[Intra-Oral Radiography|'''Radiography''']] should be obtained to check for any apical root fractures and a follow-up radiograph should be performed within the year to check for periapical pathology.

<u>Enamel and [[Enamel Organ#Dentine|dentin]] fracture</u>: this provides a direct pathway for bacteria to the pulp via the dentinal tubules. [[Enamel Organ#Pulp|Pulp]] exposure should be evaluated for by probing with an explorer tip with the animal under general anaesthesia. Radiographs should be taken to evaluate the root.

<u>Enamel and [[Enamel Organ#Dentine|dentin]] fracture</u>: this provides a direct pathway for bacteria to the pulp via the dentinal tubules. [[Enamel Organ#Pulp|Pulp]] exposure should be evaluated for by probing with an [[Dental explorer|explorer tip]] with the animal [[Oral Examination Under General Anaesthesia|under general anaesthesia]]. Radiographs should be taken to evaluate the root.

*'''Indirect pulp capping''': covers exposed dentin with glass ionomer cement followed by crown restoration. Follow-up radiographs are taken at 6-monthly intervals.

*'''Indirect pulp capping''': covers exposed dentin with glass ionomer cement followed by crown restoration. Follow-up radiographs are taken at 6-monthly intervals.

'''Radiography''' should be performed regularly to check for periapical inflammation or bone disorders.

'''Radiography''' should be performed regularly to check for periapical inflammation or bone disorders.

{{Learning

{{Learning

[[Category:Dental Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Dental Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Dental Diseases - Cat]]

[[Category:Dental Diseases - Cat]]

[[Category:Expert Review]]

[[Category:LisaM reviewing]]

[[Category:Endodontic Conditions]]

[[Category:Endodontic Conditions]]

[[Category:Traumatic Dental Conditions]]

[[Category:Traumatic Dental Conditions]]