Changes

==Periapical Lesions==

==Periapical Lesions==

Pathology in the area surrounding the apex of a root, i.e. periapical pathology, is most commonly a sequel to chronic pulpitis or pulp necrosis. Initially there is inflammation of the apical periodontal ligament. If untreated, the apical periodontitis progresses to involve the surrounding bone, resulting in destruction of the bone, which is replaced by soft tissue. This is evident as an apical rarefaction on a [[Endodontic Disease - Radiographic Interpretation|radiograph]]. The soft tissue may be granulation tissue (periapical granuloma), cyst (periapical or radicular cyst) or abscess (periapical abscess).  <font color="red">Pic E7</font color>

Pathology in the area surrounding the apex of a root, i.e. periapical pathology, is most commonly a sequel to chronic pulpitis or pulp necrosis. Initially there is inflammation of the apical periodontal ligament. If untreated, the apical periodontitis progresses to involve the surrounding bone, resulting in destruction of the bone, which is replaced by soft tissue. This is evident as an apical rarefaction on a [[Radiographic Interpretation of Endodontic Disease - Small Animal|radiograph]]. The soft tissue may be granulation tissue (periapical granuloma), cyst (periapical or radicular cyst) or abscess (periapical abscess).  <font color="red">Pic E7</font color>

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

In cases of caries decay, a brown discolouration is seen on the occlusal surface. Due to the demineralization of the enamel and dentine, this brown discolouration is soft and the explorer probe sticks in the carious dentine.  

In cases of caries decay, a brown discolouration is seen on the occlusal surface. Due to the demineralization of the enamel and dentine, this brown discolouration is soft and the explorer probe sticks in the carious dentine.  

[[Intra-Oral Radiography|Radiography]] may help determine whether a [[Tooth Fractures#Root Fracture|root fracture]] is present, the nature of the fracture (crown-root/vertical fracture) and whether perapical pathology is present. Radiographs also help determine whether teeth with uncomplicated crown fractures need treatment or not. Radiographs do not confirm that the pulp itself is exposed. See [[Endodontic Disease - Radiographic Interpretation|radiographic interpretation of endodontic disease]].

[[Intra-Oral Radiography|Radiography]] may help determine whether a [[Tooth Fractures#Root Fracture|root fracture]] is present, the nature of the fracture (crown-root/vertical fracture) and whether perapical pathology is present. Radiographs also help determine whether teeth with uncomplicated crown fractures need treatment or not. Radiographs do not confirm that the pulp itself is exposed. See [[Radiographic Interpretation of Endodontic Disease - Small Animal|radiographic interpretation of endodontic disease]].

==Treatment==

==Treatment==