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==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Feral cats do not share latrine locations, and they use separate latrine sites for urine and faeces. A single cat will have numerous latrines located throughout its peripheral territory, so that it can conveniently access somewhere to eliminate during a hunting trip or whilst territorialising. Latrine sites are located away from hunting, feeding and resting areas. Cats show a preference for dry, sandy soil as a substrate for elimination, possible due to their ancestral origin in drier, hotter climates.

Feral cats do not share latrine locations, and they use separate latrine sites for urine and faeces. A single cat will have numerous latrines located throughout its peripheral territory, so that it can conveniently access somewhere to eliminate during a [[Feline Predatory Behaviour|hunting]] trip or whilst [[Feline Territorial Behaviour|territorialising]]. Latrine sites are located away from hunting, feeding and resting areas. Cats show a preference for dry, sandy soil as a substrate for elimination, possibly due to their ancestral origin in drier, hotter climates.

In a domestic setting, the natural preferences of cats are often compromised:

In a domestic setting, the natural preferences of cats are often compromised:

* No outdoor latrine sites (e.g. paved garden)

* No outdoor latrine sites (e.g. paved garden)

* Several cats using shared latrines

* Several cats using shared latrines

* Latrine locations that are too close to other resources, such as food and water, or where there is no privacy for the cat.

* Latrine locations that are too close to [[Effect of Environment on Feline Behaviour|other resources]], such as food and water, or where there is no privacy for the cat.

The ideal number of latrines in a multi-cat household would be '''one per cat plus one extra'''. It may not be possible for cat owners to accommodate this, even if inappropriate elimination indicates that there is a problem with latrine provision.

The ideal number of latrines in a multi-cat household would be '''one per cat plus one extra'''. It may not be possible for cat owners to accommodate this, even if [[Inappropriate Elimination - Cat|inappropriate elimination]] indicates that there is a problem with latrine provision.

Even cats that do have outdoor access and suitable latrine sites in their own garden may show seasonal problems of [[Feline Housesoiling|housesoiling problems]]; outdoor latrines may become waterlogged or the ground frozen during winter, making them unusable.

Even cats that do have outdoor access and suitable latrine sites in their own garden may show seasonal problems of [[Feline Housesoiling|housesoiling problems]]; outdoor latrines may become waterlogged or the ground frozen during winter, making them unusable.

It is common for owners to use deterrent methods to stop inappropriate elimination, but this will not be effective unless the cat has suitable latrine sites; the problem will only be moved to another part of the house.

It is common for owners to use deterrent methods to stop inappropriate elimination, but this will not be effective unless the cat has suitable latrine sites; the problem will only be moved to another part of the house.

==Indoor latrines==

==Indoor Latrines==

The following characteristics should be taken into account when installing indoor latrines for cats:

The following characteristics should be taken into account when installing indoor latrines for cats:

* '''Privacy''': Each cat needs to have its own latrine, not shared with other cats, which is located where the cat will not be disturbed whilst eliminating.

* '''Privacy''': Each cat needs to have its own latrine, not shared with other cats, which is located where the cat will not be disturbed whilst eliminating.

* Two trays; one for urine and one for faeces, located at least one metre apart.

* Two trays; one for urine and one for faeces, located at least one metre apart.

* Each tray should be high-sided and large enough for the cat to easily turn around on.

* Each tray should be high-sided and large enough for the cat to easily turn around on.

* The tray should be filled to a depth of 2-3cm with an odourless mineral based litter (not scented, or pine based)

* The tray should be filled to a depth of 2-3cm with an odourless mineral based litter (not scented, or pine based).

* Locate the tray in a quiet part of the house, away from food, water and resting locations.

* Locate the tray in a quiet part of the house, away from food, water and resting places.

* The tray may be covered or uncovered, according to the cat's preference

* The tray may be covered or uncovered, according to the cat's preference.

==Outdoor Latrines==

==Outdoor Latrines==

The provision of outdoor latrines has a number of benefits:

The provision of outdoor latrines has a number of benefits:

* Reduces the need for a large number of indoor litter trays (especially in multicast households

* Reduces the need for a large number of indoor litter trays (especially in multicast households).

* Provides latrine access close to home, which reduces the need to roam and reduces nuisance to neighbours (the most common complaint by non-cat owning neighbours is that cats defecate in their garden).

* Provides latrine access close to home, which reduces the need to roam and reduces nuisance to neighbours (the most common complaint by non-cat owning neighbours is that cats defecate in their garden).

* Strengthens territorial ownership so that non-resident cats are less likely to become a threat.

* Strengthens territorial ownership so that non-resident cats are less likely to become a threat.

Creating an outdoor latrine:

Creating an outdoor latrine:

* Choose a location at the edge of the garden, obscured by flowerbeds and bushes.

* Choose a location at the edge of the garden, obscured by flowerbeds and bushes.

* The hole should be the dimensions of a litter tray, and 30-60cm deep

* The hole should be the dimensions of a litter tray, and 30-60cm deep.

* This is filled with soft playground sand (not sharp sand used for construction)

* This is filled with soft playground sand (not sharp sand used for construction).

* Once the cat is using the latrine regularly, earth can be scattered over the latrine to disguise it.

* Once the cat is using the latrine regularly, earth can be scattered over the latrine to disguise it.

==Deterrent Methods for Inappropriate Latrine Locations==

==Deterrent Methods for Inappropriate Latrine Locations==

Once the cat is regularly using the appropriate latrines, deterrent methods ca be used to stop the cat from using the wrong places.  

If the cat has a suitable set of latrine locations and is using them, then deterrent methods can be applied to prevent inappropriate elimination elsewhere.

Methods to deter elimination include changing the underfoot substrate or making the location less private:

* Cover the location with thick polythene: urine will then drain towards the cat’s feet when it is standing on the sheet.

* Cover the location with heavy grade polythene or aluminium foil, applying strips of double-sided sticky tape to increased the deterrent effect if necessary.

* Cover the location with a large sheet of silver foil: some cats do not like to stand on this.

* Use brighter lighting and PIR (passive infrared) activated lamps to make a location less private.

* Apply strips of double-sided sticky tape to either of the above to make them even more repellent.

* Place additional food and water bowls near the location.

* Place small bowls of food on top of the latrine sites, so that they become feeding stations. Cats are usually reluctant to urinate near sources of food.

* Illuminate dark corners with a bright spot lamp so that any privacy is taken away. The same effect can be achieved using a small, battery powered infra-red activated lamp, which will turn on each time the cat approaches.

[[Category:Feline Housesoiling]]

[[Category:Feline Housesoiling]]

[[Category:Feline Behaviour Management]]

[[Category:Feline Behaviour Management]]