| Line 3: |
Line 3: |
| | * | | * |
| | }} | | }} |
| − | Socialisation and habituation during the sensitive period of development are important in the normal emotional development of cats and in the prevention of behavioural problems. In one study, kittens given enhanced socialisation group was compared with a normally socialised group (control), and effects on behavioural problems, fear responses and the emotional bond with the owner were followed up at 1 year of age. Enhanced socialisation included increased handling, manipulation, play and times being taken away from the litter, which extended to the 9th week of age<ref>Casey, R., Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2008) The effects of additional socialisation for kittens in a rescue centre on their behaviour and suitability as a pet. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114, 196 – 205.</ref>. Enhanced socialisation was associated with lower rates of fear responses toward people at 1 year of age. The owners of these kittens subsequently reported higher scores for “emotional support”, which was a previously validated measure of the bond between pet and owner. Regular gentle handling of kittens during the first six weeks of life has been shown to be associated with precocious development and novelty seeking, with kittens being more likely to approach novel objects and people<ref>Meier, G.W. (1961) Infantile handling an development in Siamese kittens. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology. 54, 284-286.</ref><ref>Wilson, M., Warren, J.M., Abbott, L. (1965) Infantile stimulation, activity and learning by cats. Child Development. 36; 843-853.</ref>.
| |
| | | | |
| | + | ==Introduction== |
| | + | In cats, the sensitive period is from the 2nd to the7th week of age, and is a tie when kittens are exceptionally receptive to novelty, enabling them to habituate to a wide range of situation and to develop a miulti-species identity through social referencing with other species (including humans). |
| | | | |
| − | Karsh and Turner (1998) identified the sensitive period in cats was during the period between the 2nd the 7th week of age<ref>Turner, D.C. & Bateson, P. (1986) The domestic at; the biology of its behaviour. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. </ref>. During this period kittens readily habituate to environmental stimuli and develop socially referencing to the species that they come into contact with. The daily, and total weekly, amount of human handling, as well as the number of human handlers during this period has been shown to relate to alter approach behaviour to familiar and unfamiliar people, as well as attempts to escape from people<ref>Collard, R.R. (1967) Fear of strangers and play behavior in kittens with varied social experience. Child Development. 38, 877-891.</ref>. Higher levels of handling were associated with better adult outcomes in terms of fearful behaviour around people.
| + | Socialisation and habituation during the sensitive period of development are important in the normal emotional development of cats and in the prevention of behavioural problems. The amount of human handling and the number of human handlers a kitten experiences during this period has been shown to affects approach behaviour to familiar and unfamiliar people, as well as attempts to escape from people<ref>Collard, R.R. (1967) Fear of strangers and play behavior in kittens with varied social experience. Child Development. 38, 877-891.</ref>. Higher levels of handling were associated with reduced fear of people. |
| | | | |
| | + | In one study, kittens exposed to a programme of enhanced socialisation were compared with a normally socialised group (control). Effects on behavioural problems, fear responses and the emotional bond with the owner were followed up at 1 year of age. Enhanced socialisation included increased handling, manipulation, play and times being taken away from the litter, through to the 9th week of age<ref>Casey, R., Bradshaw, J.W.S. (2008) The effects of additional socialisation for kittens in a rescue centre on their behaviour and suitability as a pet. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 114, 196 – 205.</ref>. Enhanced socialisation was associated with lower rates of fear responses toward people at 1 year of age. The owners of these kittens subsequently reported higher scores for “emotional support”, which is a measure of the owner-pet bond. Regular gentle handling of kittens during the first six weeks of life has been shown to be associated with precocious development and novelty seeking, with kittens being more likely to approach novel objects and people<ref>Meier, G.W. (1961) Infantile handling an development in Siamese kittens. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology. 54, 284-286.</ref><ref>Wilson, M., Warren, J.M., Abbott, L. (1965) Infantile stimulation, activity and learning by cats. Child Development. 36; 843-853.</ref>. |
| | | | |
| | + | ==Kitten Kindy== |
| | + | Socialisation clases for kittens were pioneered in Australia by Kersti Seksel, under the title "Kitten Kindy". Apart from enabling social interaction between kittens, but are also an opportunity to teach owners about cat behaviour and social interactions, as well as providing basic information about diet, grooming, feeding and preventative health. These classes should be restricted to weekly sessions for kittens of 7 to 14 weeks of age<ref>Seksel K. (2001) Training your cat. Hyland House, Melbourne, Australia.</ref>, due to the risk of decease transmission. During classes kittens are also exposed to a wide variety of stimuli including different people, sounds, and handling. Although at this age the sensitive period is already finished, kittens can still benefit from learning to cope with mild stress events, and classically conditioned positive emotional responses. |
| | | | |
| | + | ==Breeders== |
| | | | |
| | + | Despite the fact that kittens, like puppies, can live independently of their mother from as little as 8 weeks of age, it is general practice amongst the breeders of pedigree kittens to home them at 13 weeks of age or older. This is largely due to concerns about infectious disease and vaccination status. However, it places an additional responsibility on the breeder of such kittens to engage in a programme of enhanced socialisation and habituation equivalent to Kitten Kindy. Any mismatch between rearing and domestic environment for these kittens is likely to lead to difficulty adapting to the home environment, increased anxiousness and fearfulness. |
| | | | |
| − | In dogs, puppy socialisation classes are now commonplace. Similar classes can be run for kittens. In Australia these were pioneered under the title “Kitten Kindy”. The recommendation is that socialisation classes be restricted to healthy kittens of 7 to 14 weeks of age (Seksel, 2001). The intention of these classes is to increase exposure of kittens to a wide variety of stimuli including different people, and to enable them to engage in social interaction with each other. Although the sensitive period of kittens is at an end, during this period kittens can still learn by classical conditioning and positive reinforcement. If a kitten class is not available, new kittens owners can still follow a similar programme themselves by following Kitten Kindy guidelines.
| |
| − |
| |
| − | Despite the fact that kittens, like puppies, can live independently of their mother from as little as 8 weeks of age, it is general practice amongst the breeders of pedigree kittens to home them at 13 weeks of age or older. This is largely due to concerns about infectious disease and vaccination status. However, it places an additional responsibility on the breeder of such kittens to engage in a programme of enhanced socialisation and habituation equivalent to Kitten Kindy. Any mismatch between rearing and domestic environment for these kittens is likely to lead to difficulty adapting to the home environment, increased anxiousness and fearfulness.
| |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| | | | |
| − | *Early experience during the sensitive period affects the way a cat interacts with people.
| + | ==References== |
| − | *A lack of appropriate handling between two and seven weeks of age can lead to defensively aggressive behaviour which can become pre-emptive in situations causing fear.
| |
| − | *Kittens should be reared in complex and stimulating environments with a wide range of noises and contact with people and animals so these do not produce fear, anxiety or stress in the future.
| |
| − | *Fear-related aggression towards people in the home is treated using desensitisation and counter-conditioning procedures, often supported by pheromonotherapy. ==References==
| |
| | <references/> | | <references/> |
| | | | |