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→4. Consequences of Arginine Deficiency
===Dogs:===
===Dogs:===
Puppies fed an arginine deficient diet containing adequate total protein will experience a decreased food intake and hyperammonemia resulting in vomiting and ptylism, with an increase in urinary orotic acid excretion and muscle tremors<ref>Ha YH, et al. Arginine requirement in immature dogs. J Nutr 1978;108:203-210.</ref><ref>Czarnecki GL, et al. Urea cycle function in the dog with emphasis on the role of arginine. J Nutr 1984;1115:743-752.</ref>. There are also reports of puppies developing cataracts after being fed an arginine-free milk replacer<ref name="Glaze">Glaze MB and Blanchard GL. Nutritional cataracts in a Samoyed litter. JAAHA 1983;19:951-954.</ref><ref>Martin CL and Chambreau T. Cataract production in experimentally orphaned puppies fed a commercial replacement for bitch’s milk. JAAHA 1983;18:115-119.</ref><ref>Vainisi SJ, et al. Nutritional cataracts in Timber wolves. JAVMA 1981;179:1175-1180.</ref><ref>Ranz D, et al. Nutritional lens opacities in two litters of Newfoundland dogs. J Nutr 2002;132:1688S-1689S.</ref>. Feeding an arginine deficient diet to adult dogs results in decreased in food intake<ref>Hoppe A, et al. Urinary excretion of amino acids in normal and cystinuric dogs. Br Vet J 1993;149:253-68.</ref>.
Puppies fed an arginine deficient diet containing adequate total protein will experience a decreased food intake and hyperammonemia resulting in vomiting and ptylism, with an increase in urinary orotic acid excretion and muscle tremors<ref>Ha YH, et al. Arginine requirement in immature dogs. J Nutr 1978;108:203-210.</ref><ref>Czarnecki GL, et al. Urea cycle function in the dog with emphasis on the role of arginine. J Nutr 1984;1115:743-752.</ref>. There are also reports of puppies developing cataracts after being fed an arginine-free milk replacer<ref name="Glaze">Glaze MB and Blanchard GL. Nutritional cataracts in a Samoyed litter. JAAHA 1983;19:951-954.</ref><ref>Martin CL and Chambreau T. Cataract production in experimentally orphaned puppies fed a commercial replacement for bitch’s milk. JAAHA 1983;18:115-119.</ref><ref>Vainisi SJ, et al. Nutritional cataracts in Timber wolves. JAVMA 1981;179:1175-1180.</ref><ref>Ranz D, et al. Nutritional lens opacities in two litters of Newfoundland dogs. J Nutr 2002;132:1688S-1689S.</ref>. Feeding an arginine deficient diet to adult dogs results in a decreased food intake<ref>Hoppe A, et al. Urinary excretion of amino acids in normal and cystinuric dogs. Br Vet J 1993;149:253-68.</ref>.
===Cats:===
===Cats:===
Feeding of an arginine deficient diet to kittens results in diarrhoea, weight loss, food refusal, ataxia, hyperammonemia, and urinary orotic aciduria<ref name="Morris"/>. Feeding a diet that has no arginine but contains substantial levels of other amino acids can result in death within a few hours<ref name="Taylor"/>.
Feeding of an arginine deficient diet to kittens results in diarrhoea, weight loss, food refusal, ataxia, hyperammonemia, and urinary orotic aciduria<ref name="Morris"/>. Feeding a diet that has no arginine but contains substantial levels of other amino acids can result in death within a few hours<ref name="Taylor"/>.
==5. Toxicity==
==5. Toxicity==