Changes

==4. Consequences of Starch Deficiency==

==4. Consequences of Starch Deficiency==

Dogs: In otherwise healthy, non-reproductive adult dogs, there are no clinical consequences of feeding a starch-free diet. Reproductive female dogs fed completely carbohydrate-free diet without adequate protein intake during late gestation can become hypoglycaemic and ketotic, and experience an increase in foetal mortality and puppy death after whelping, though no adverse effect on growth of nursing puppies was seen<ref>Romsos DR, et al. Influence of low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs. J Nutr 1981;111:678-689.</ref>. Small and toy breed puppies, are prone to developing hypoglycaemia, especially during times of physiological stress and when fed lower carbohydrate or poorly digestible carbohydrate diets<ref>Vroom MW and Slappendel RJ. Transient juvenile hypoglycaemia in a Yorkshire terrier and in a Chihuahua. Vet Q 1987;9:172-176.</ref>.

====Dogs:====

Cats: There are no clinical signs of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet to cats at any life-stage. Adult cats and growing kittens are able to maintain blood glucose concentration through hepatic gluconeogenesis<ref>Morris JG, et al. Carbohydrate digestion in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Br J Nutr 1977;37:365-373.</ref>.

In otherwise healthy, non-reproductive adult dogs, there are no clinical consequences of feeding a starch-free diet. Reproductive female dogs fed completely carbohydrate-free diet without adequate protein intake during late gestation can become hypoglycaemic and ketotic, and experience an increase in foetal mortality and puppy death after whelping, though no adverse effect on growth of nursing puppies was seen<ref>Romsos DR, et al. Influence of low carbohydrate diet on performance of pregnant and lactating dogs. J Nutr 1981;111:678-689.</ref>. Small and toy breed puppies, are prone to developing hypoglycaemia, especially during times of physiological stress and when fed lower carbohydrate or poorly digestible carbohydrate diets<ref>Vroom MW and Slappendel RJ. Transient juvenile hypoglycaemia in a Yorkshire terrier and in a Chihuahua. Vet Q 1987;9:172-176.</ref>.

====Cats:==== There are no clinical signs of feeding a carbohydrate-free diet to cats at any life-stage. Adult cats and growing kittens are able to maintain blood glucose concentration through hepatic gluconeogenesis<ref>Morris JG, et al. Carbohydrate digestion in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Br J Nutr 1977;37:365-373.</ref>.

==5. Toxicity==

==5. Toxicity==