Changes

==Consequences of Cobalamin Deficiency==

==Consequences of Cobalamin Deficiency==

====Dogs:====  

====Dogs:====  

Puppies affected by an inherited defect in cobalamin absorption develop inappetance and lethargy; hyperammonaemia and associate neurological signs<ref>Battersby IA, et al. Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy secondary to selective cobalamin deficiency in a juvenile Border collie. JSAP 2005;46:339-344.</ref>; [[neutropenia]] with hypersegmentation and megablastic anaemia<ref>Fyfe JC, et al. Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency on the dog. Pediatr Res 1991;29:24-31.</ref>. Adult dogs with chronic intestinal disease can develop impaired cobalamin absorption either due to the primary intestinal disease or bacterial dysbiosis<ref>Berghoff N, et al. Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease. AJVR 2013;74:84-89.</ref>. Clinical signs of hypocobalaminaemia in adult dogs are similar to that of the underlying intestinal disorder (e.g., [[diarrhoea]] and weight loss); the presence of hypocobalaminaemia in dogs with chronic enteropathies is a negative prognostic indicator<ref>Allenspach K, et al. Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome. JVIM 2007;21:700-708.</ref>.

Puppies affected by an inherited defect in cobalamin absorption develop inappetance and lethargy; hyperammonaemia and associate neurological signs<ref>Battersby IA, et al. Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy secondary to selective cobalamin deficiency in a juvenile Border collie. JSAP 2005;46:339-344.</ref>; [[neutropenia]] with hypersegmentation and megablastic anaemia<ref>Fyfe JC, et al. Inherited selective intestinal cobalamin malabsorption and cobalamin deficiency on the dog. Pediatr Res 1991;29:24-31.</ref>. Adult dogs with chronic intestinal disease can develop impaired cobalamin absorption either due to the primary intestinal disease or [[Nutrition Glossary#Bacterial Dysbiosis|bacterial dysbiosis]]<ref>Berghoff N, et al. Serum cobalamin and methylmalonic acid concentrations in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease. AJVR 2013;74:84-89.</ref>. Clinical signs of hypocobalaminaemia in adult dogs are similar to that of the underlying intestinal disorder (e.g., [[diarrhoea]] and weight loss); the presence of hypocobalaminaemia in dogs with chronic enteropathies is a negative prognostic indicator<ref>Allenspach K, et al. Chronic enteropathies in dogs: evaluation of risk factors for negative outcome. JVIM 2007;21:700-708.</ref>.

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Kittens weaned onto a cobalamin deficient diet will initially grow normally, then will cease growing and begin lose weight after 3-4 weeks<ref>Morris, J.G. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15; 153-168.</ref>. Similar to dogs, adult cats with chronic intestinal disease can develop cobalamin deficiency resulting in worsening [[vomiting]], diarrhoea, and weight loss<ref>Vaden SL, et al. Cobalamin deficiency associated with methymalonic aciduria in a cat. JAVMA 1992;200:1101-1103.</ref><ref>Simpson KW, et al. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) in cats with gastrointestinal disease. JVIM 2001;15:26-32.</ref><ref>Ruaux CG, et al. Early biochemical and clinical responses to cobalamin supplementation in cats with signs of gastrointestinal disease and severe hypocobalaminemia. JVIM 2005;19:155-160.</ref>.

Kittens weaned onto a cobalamin deficient diet will initially grow normally, then will cease growing and begin lose weight after 3-4 weeks<ref>Morris, J.G. Idiosyncratic nutrient requirements of cats appear to be diet-induced evolutionary adaptations. Nutr Res Rev 2002;15; 153-168.</ref>. Similar to dogs, adult cats with chronic intestinal disease can develop cobalamin deficiency resulting in worsening [[vomiting]], diarrhoea, and weight loss<ref>Vaden SL, et al. Cobalamin deficiency associated with methymalonic aciduria in a cat. JAVMA 1992;200:1101-1103.</ref><ref>Simpson KW, et al. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vitamin B₁₂) in cats with gastrointestinal disease. JVIM 2001;15:26-32.</ref><ref>Ruaux CG, et al. Early biochemical and clinical responses to cobalamin supplementation in cats with signs of gastrointestinal disease and severe hypocobalaminemia. JVIM 2005;19:155-160.</ref>.