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==What is Manganese?==

==What is Manganese?==

Manganese does not occur naturally as a free element, but is often found in combination with [[Iron - Nutrition|iron]] and in many minerals. It is one of a group of metals or minerals that are [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|'''essential nutrients''']] in dogs and cats. It only occurs in very small amounts in animal tissues; it is referred to as a '''trace element''' because the requirement for this mineral is relatively small.

Manganese does not occur naturally as a free element, but is often found in combination with [[Iron - Nutrition|iron]] and in many [[Minerals - Nutrition|minerals]]. It is one of a group of metals or minerals that are [[Nutrition Glossary#Essential Nutrients|'''essential nutrients''']] in dogs and cats. It only occurs in very small amounts in animal tissues; it is referred to as a '''trace element''' because the requirement for this mineral is relatively small.

==Why is it Important?==

==Why is it Important?==

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

Manganese is a component of a diverse group metalloenzymes including arginase, pyruvate carboxylase and manganese superoxide dismutase that are important regulators of the urea cycle, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, and detoxification of oxygen radicals. Manganese is also a metallic activator for other enzymes such as hydrolases, decarboxylases, kinases and transferases<ref name="Hurley">Hurley, L, Keen, C (1987). “Manganese” in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th edn., Vol. 1. ed. by W. Mertz, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA: p 185-223.</ref>. It is known to be important for normal [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|bone development]] and neurological function. The [[Nutrition Glossary#Bioavailability|bioavailability]] of manganese is affected by several factors. [[Calcium - Nutrition|Calcium]], [[Phosphorus - Nutrition|phosphorus]], and phytate all have an adverse effect on manganese absorption whereas [[Iron - Nutrition|iron]] seems to act by increasing faecal manganese losses. In contrast, the amino acids [[Methionine and Cysteine - Nutrition|cysteine]] and [[Histidine - Nutrition|histidine]] enhance the uptake of manganese<ref name="NRC">“Manganese” In: Mineral Tolerance of Animals, 2nd Edition. (2005) National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington DC: p 235-247.</ref>.

Manganese is a component of a diverse group metalloenzymes including arginase, pyruvate carboxylase and manganese superoxide dismutase that are important regulators of the [[urea]] cycle, gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, and detoxification of oxygen radicals. Manganese is also a metallic activator for other enzymes such as hydrolases, decarboxylases, kinases and transferases<ref name="Hurley">Hurley, L, Keen, C (1987). “Manganese” in Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, 5th edn., Vol. 1. ed. by W. Mertz, Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA: p 185-223.</ref>. It is known to be important for normal [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|bone development]] and neurological function. The [[Nutrition Glossary#Bioavailability|bioavailability]] of manganese is affected by several factors. [[Calcium - Nutrition|Calcium]], [[Phosphorus - Nutrition|phosphorus]], and phytate all have an adverse effect on manganese absorption whereas [[Iron - Nutrition|iron]] seems to act by increasing faecal manganese losses. In contrast, the amino acids [[Methionine and Cysteine - Nutrition|cysteine]] and [[Histidine - Nutrition|histidine]] enhance the uptake of manganese<ref name="NRC">“Manganese” In: Mineral Tolerance of Animals, 2nd Edition. (2005) National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences. The National Academies Press, Washington DC: p 235-247.</ref>.

==Consequences of Manganese Deficiency==

==Consequences of Manganese Deficiency==

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==

====Dog and Cat:====

====Dog and Cat:====

There is no information on the effects of excess manganese in dogs or cats. It is considered to be '''one of the least toxic of the trace elements''' and from investigations in other mammals a maximum tolerable dietary content of around 1000 mg/kg of food on a dry matter basis is assumed<ref name="NRC"/>.

There is no information on the effects of excess manganese in dogs or cats. It is considered to be '''one of the least toxic of the trace elements''' and from investigations in other mammals a maximum tolerable dietary content of around 1000 mg/kg of food on a [[Nutrition Glossary#Dry Matter Basis|dry matter basis]] is assumed<ref name="NRC"/>.

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==

Manganese in dog and cat foods is found in a number of ingredients, in particular cereal grains and animal raw materials. Supplemental sources of manganese are often added to manufactured pet foods as tinorganic salts such as sulphate, [[Chloride - Nutrition|chloride]] and carbonate.

Manganese in dog and cat foods is found in a number of ingredients, in particular cereal grains and animal raw materials. Supplemental sources of manganese are often added to manufactured pet foods as inorganic salts such as sulphate, [[Chloride - Nutrition|chloride]] and carbonate.

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:Minerals in Nutrition]]

[[Category:Minerals in Nutrition]]