Changes

Puppies fed thiamin deficient diets experience '''slow growth, inappetance, weight loss, coprophagia, neurological abnormalities (circling, torticollis, ataxia, and central nervous system depression) and sudden death'''. Dogs with acute thiamin deficiency develop bilaterally symmetric grey matter necrosis; chronic deficiencies can progress to myocardial and peripheral nerve degeneration<ref name="NRC"/>.

Puppies fed thiamin deficient diets experience '''slow growth, inappetance, weight loss, coprophagia, neurological abnormalities (circling, torticollis, ataxia, and central nervous system depression) and sudden death'''. Dogs with acute thiamin deficiency develop bilaterally symmetric grey matter necrosis; chronic deficiencies can progress to myocardial and peripheral nerve degeneration<ref name="NRC"/>.

====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

Cats fed thiamin deficient diet develop '''anorexia initially, followed by progressive clinical signs of neurological involvement in 1-2 weeks'''. The neurological signs include flexion of the head, impaired proprioception and righting reflexes, seizures, progressive weakness, and death<ref name="NRC"/>. Kittens fed thiamin deficient diets can also develop ataxia and mydriasis. Bilaterally symmetric grey matter necrosis is also a feature of thiamin deficiency in cats and kittens<ref>Moon S, et al. Clinical signs, MRI features, and outcomes of two cats with thiamine deficiency secondary to diet change. J Vet Sci 2013;14:499-502.</ref>.

Cats fed thiamin deficient diet develop '''anorexia initially, followed by progressive clinical signs of neurological involvement in 1-2 weeks'''. The neurological signs include flexion of the head, impaired proprioception and righting reflexes, seizures, progressive weakness, and death<ref name="NRC"/>. Kittens fed thiamin deficient diets can also develop ataxia and [[Eye - Anatomy & Physiology#Reflexes with Optic Nerve as the Sensory Arm|mydriasis]]. Bilaterally symmetric grey matter necrosis is also a feature of thiamin deficiency in cats and kittens<ref>Moon S, et al. Clinical signs, MRI features, and outcomes of two cats with thiamine deficiency secondary to diet change. J Vet Sci 2013;14:499-502.</ref>.

Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g., chronic disease, such as renal disease or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as intravenous fluids or increased water intake to manage [[Cystitis|lower urinary disease]]) can result in increased loss of thiamin and may increase daily requirements. Patients on chronic haemodialysis are also at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.  

Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g., chronic disease, such as renal disease or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as intravenous fluids or increased water intake to manage [[Cystitis|lower urinary disease]]) can result in increased loss of thiamin and may increase daily requirements. Patients on chronic haemodialysis are also at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.  

Thiamin deficiencies can also occur due to low dietary intake, presence of compounds in food that directly antagonise thiamin, and vitamin degradation during cooking. Thiaminases are present in certain freshwater and marine fishes, but this enzyme is readily denatured with heating<ref name="NRC"/>. Additionally sulphite preservatives in meats can degrade thiamin resulting in clinical signs of deficiency<ref>Studdert VP and Labuc RH. Thiamin deficiency in cats and dogs associated with feeding meat preserved with sulphur dioxide. Aust Vet J 1991;68:54-57.</ref>. Thiamin is particularly sensitive to degradation with increased temperature especially under alkaline conditions, such as can occur during canned foods production. This higher rate of thiamin degradation requires commercial pet food manufacturers to monitor and supplement thiamin according to expected losses.  

Thiamin deficiencies can also occur due to low dietary intake, presence of compounds in food that directly antagonise thiamin, and vitamin degradation during cooking. Thiaminases are present in certain freshwater and marine fishes, but this enzyme is readily denatured with heating<ref name="NRC"/>. Additionally sulphite preservatives in meats can degrade thiamin resulting in clinical signs of deficiency<ref>Studdert VP and Labuc RH. Thiamin deficiency in cats and dogs associated with feeding meat preserved with sulphur dioxide. Aust Vet J 1991;68:54-57.</ref>. Thiamin is particularly sensitive to degradation with increased temperature especially under alkaline conditions, such as can occur during canned foods production. This higher rate of thiamin degradation requires commercial pet food manufacturers to monitor and supplement thiamin according to expected losses.

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==