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====Cats:====  

====Cats:====  

There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates<ref>Schaefer AE, et al. Pantothenic acid deficiency studies in the dog. J Biol Chem 1942;143:321-330.</ref>.

There are no published reports of pantothenic acid deficiencies in adults, but kittens fed pantothenic acid deficient diets experience poor growth rates<ref>Schaefer AE, et al. Pantothenic acid deficiency studies in the dog. J Biol Chem 1942;143:321-330.</ref>.

Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g., chronic disease, such as renal disease or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as intravenous fluids or increased water intake with management of [[Cystitis|lower urinary diseases]]) can result in increased loss of pantothenic acid and may increase daily requirements. Patient on chronic haemodialysis are at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.  

Conditions associated with diuresis (e.g. chronic disease, such as [[:Category:Kidney - Pathology|renal disease]] or [[Diabetes Insipidus|diabetes]], or therapeutic intervention, such as [[Fluid therapy|intravenous fluids]] or increased water intake with management of [[Cystitis|lower urinary diseases]]) can result in increased loss of pantothenic acid and may increase daily requirements. Patient on chronic haemodialysis are at an increased risk for developing a deficiency.

==Toxicity==

==Toxicity==