Changes

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

===Stabilisation===

===Stabilisation===

It is important to get as much information during initial triage of a collapsed animal as possible. Some differentials include anaphylaxis, [[HGE]], [[Canine Parvovirus|Parvo]], [[Arrhythmias Overview|arrhythmias]], [[Pericardial Effusion|pericardial effusion]], any cause of hyperkalemia,[[Haemoabdomen| hemoabdomen]]. [[AFAST]] ultrasound exam can be used to investigate anaphylaxis (gall bladder edema), pericardial effusion, and hemoabdomen. [[ECG]] can evaluate for heart block and bradycardias as well as typical hyperkalemia induced changes (prolonged S-T interval, enlarged T waves). [[Electrolytes]], [[PCV]], blood gas, lactate can all help with initial work up and diagnosis.   

It is important to get as much information during initial triage of a collapsed animal as possible. Some differentials include anaphylaxis, HGE, Parvo, arrythmias, pericardial effusion, any cause of hyperkalemia, hemoabdomen. A FAST ultrasound exam can be used to investigate anaphylaxis (gall bladder edema), pericardial effusion, and hemoabdomen.   ECG can evaluate for heart block and bradycardias as well as typical hyperkalemia induced changes (prolonged S-T interval, enlarged T waves). Electrolytes, PCV, blood gas, lactate can all help with initial work up and diagnosis.   

The classic Addisonian is ~ 3 years old and as such anaphylaxis and HGE are the most common differentials.  Differentiating anaphylaxis from Addison's early on is critical to saving these patients.   

The classic Addisonian is ~ 3 years old and as such anaphylaxis and HGE are the most common differentials.  Differentiating anaphylaxis from Addison's early on is critical to saving these patients.   

Since collapsed, bradycardic animals are unlikely to survive for long, urgent intervention is required to stabilise these patients. '''Intra-venous 0.9% sodium chloride (saline) solution''' should be provided at shock rates to restore normovolaemia and begin to correct the electrolyte imbalances.  Additional '''glucose''' can be added to fluids in hypoglycaemic animals but blood glucose levels should be monitored closely if this is undertaken.   

Since collapsed, bradycardic animals are unlikely to survive for long, urgent intervention is required to stabilise these patients. '''Intra-venous 0.9% sodium chloride (saline) solution''' should be provided at shock rates to restore normovolaemia and begin to correct the electrolyte imbalances.  Additional '''glucose''' can be added to fluids in hypoglycaemic animals but blood glucose levels should be monitored closely if this is undertaken.   

Hypothermia must be corrected slow so as not to cause cell shrinkage in the brain. Hyperkalemia will improve with IV fluid therapy, but in the case of life threatening arrhythmias 10% CaGluconate can be given to protect the heart (1ml/kg @ 1ml/minute to effect). Insulin and Dextrose can be used to drive potassium into the cells and sodium bicarbonate can be used to correct acidosis.   

Hypothermia must be corrected slowly so as not to cause cell shrinkage in the brain. Hyperkalemia will improve with [[Fluid therapy|IV fluid therapy]], but in the case of life threatening arrhythmias 10% CaGluconate can be given to protect the heart (1ml/kg @ 1ml/minute to effect). Insulin and Dextrose can be used to drive potassium into the cells and sodium bicarbonate can be used to correct acidosis.   

When the diagnosis has been made with some certainty, '''intra-venous glucocorticoid replacement therapy''' can be initiated together with a '''mineralocorticoid'''.  Hydrocortisone sodium succinate is the steroid of choice as it is short acting and provides equal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity.  Although there is an intra-muscular injectable mineralocorticoid (desoxycorticosterone acetate) available in the USA, this is not usually required for stabilisation.

When the diagnosis has been made with some certainty, '''intra-venous glucocorticoid replacement therapy''' can be initiated together with a '''mineralocorticoid'''.  Hydrocortisone sodium succinate is the steroid of choice as it is short acting and provides equal glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity.  Although there is an intra-muscular injectable mineralocorticoid (desoxycorticosterone acetate) available in the USA, this is not usually required for stabilisation.