Changes

{{Taxobox

{{Taxobox

|name              = ''Filaroides osleri

|name              = ''Filaroides osleri

|kingdom            =

|kingdom            =Animalia

|phylum            =

|phylum            =[[Nematodes|Nematoda]]

|class              = [[:Category:Nematodes|Nematoda]]

|sub-class          =

|sub-class          =

|order              =

|order              =Strongylida

|super-family      =[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]

|super-family      =[[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|Metastrongyloidea]]

|family            =

|family            =Filaroididae

|sub-family        =

|sub-family        =

|genus              =

|genus              =Filaroides

|species            = ''Filaroides osleri

|species            = ''Filaroides osleri

}}

}}

==Life Cycle==

==Life Cycle==

This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily [[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|'''Metastrongyloidea''']]. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are passed out in the faeces.

This is a direct life cycle, so forms the exception in the superfamily [[:Category:Metastrongyloidea|'''Metastrongyloidea''']]. The females are ovo-viviparous. The eggs are laid, and hatch within the trachea. They then transform into the larvae, which are coughed up and swallowed. They enter the intestine, and are passed out in the feces.

The bitch may transfer the larvae to the pup '''during grooming''', or infection may come about via '''ingestion of the larvae'''. The larvae '''mature and travel to the lungs'''.   

The bitch may transfer the larvae to the pup '''during grooming''', or infection may come about via '''ingestion of the larvae'''. The larvae '''mature and travel to the lungs'''.   

'''Bronchial washings''' may then reveal larvated ova and larvae with a kinked tail.

'''Bronchial washings''' may then reveal larvated ova and larvae with a kinked tail.

'''Faeces''' can be examined for larvae, but this is less rewarding.  

'''Feces''' can be examined for larvae, but this is less rewarding.  

'''Zinc-sulphate centrifugation/flotation''' is preferred to the Baermann method as the larvae are lethargic and do not migrate out of the faecal mass.

'''Zinc-sulphate centrifugation/flotation''' is preferred to the Baermann method as the larvae are lethargic and do not migrate out of the fecal mass.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

A good clinical response may be seen using extended courses of '''ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole and levamisole'''. This does not always clear the nodules on follow-up bronchoscopy.

A good clinical response may be seen using extended courses of '''ivermectin, fenbendazole, albendazole and levamisole'''. This does not always clear the nodules on follow-up bronchoscopy.

In a '''breeding colony''', bitches should be '''treated before whelping''', and pups should be separated from older infected dogs to prevent horizontal transmission by ingestion of infected faeces. In infected dogs, good hygiene is essential, and pups could be '''hand-raised''' or foster-reared on uninfected bitches.

In a '''breeding colony''', bitches should be '''treated before whelping''', and pups should be separated from older infected dogs to prevent horizontal transmission by ingestion of infected feces. In infected dogs, good hygiene is essential, and pups could be '''hand-raised''' or foster-reared on uninfected bitches.

{{Learning

{{Learning