Changes

==Innervation==

==Innervation==

*Similar to the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]], there are pacemaker cells that generate an action potential.

*Similarly to the [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]], there are pacemaker cells that generate an action potential.

*Cells are able to function as a syncytium due to gap junctions, allowing the action potential to spread.

*Cells are able to function as a syncytium due to gap junctions, allowing the action potential to spread.

**Contractions are generated in the forward (peristaltic) and backward (antiperistaltic) directions. Antiperistaltic contractions move ingesta into the caecum in some species.

**Contractions are generated in the forward (peristaltic) and backward (antiperistaltic) directions. Antiperistaltic contractions move ingesta into the caecum in some species.

*The formation of action potentials is under a much stronger neural influence than in the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].  

*The formation of action potentials is under a much stronger neural influence than in the [[Forestomach - Anatomy & Physiology|stomach]] and [[Small Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]].  

*The large intestine recieves sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation.

*The large intestine recieves '''sympathetic''' and '''parasympathetic''' innervation.

*Neurones interact with the myenteric plexus to affect contractility, and with the submucosal plexus to affect secretions.

**The sympathetic have coeliac, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia.

**The '''sympathetic '''have coeliac, cranial mesenteric and caudal mesenteric ganglia.

**As the sympathetic fibres leave the ganglia, they surround their respective artery.

**As the sympathetic fibres leave the ganglia, they surround their respective artery.

*Parasympathetic innervation increases the frequency of action potentials and thus stimulates peristalsis.

*Parasympathetic innervation increases the frequency of action potentials and thus stimulates peristalsis.

*Sympathetic innervation has the opposite effect.

*Sympathetic innervation has the opposite effect.

*Motility of the large intestine increases during meals, possibly as a result of gastrin and cholecystokinin secretion.

*Motility of the large intestine increases during meals, possibly as a result of gastrin and cholecystokinin secretion.