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Chloride varies in the range of 100 to 150mmol/l. Hypercholoraemia is associated with dehydration and possibly renal failure.[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
Chloride varies in the range of 100 to 150mmol/l. Hypercholoraemia is associated with dehydration and possibly renal failure.
Chloride is present in highest concentrations in the ECF and tends to accompany sodium movement by passive diffusion.
=== '''Small animals''' ===
==== Causes of hyperchloraemia ====
* Water deprivation
* Osmotic diarrhoea
* Hypertonic saline/salt poisoning
* Renal tubular acidosis (types I and II)
* Hypoadrenocorticism (type IV renal tubular acidosis)
* Defective thirst response
* Diabetes insipidus (with water restriction)
* Chronic respiratory alkalosis
==== Causes of hypochloraemia ====
* Vomiting of stomach contents
* Therapy with loop diuretics or thiazides
* Metabolic acidosis: ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, ethylene glycol
=== '''Complementary tests''' ===
Other electrolytes
=== Equine ===
==== Causes of hyperchloraemia ====
* Dehydration
* Salt poisoning
* Metabolic acidosis
* Respiratory alkalosis (chronic)
* Renal dysfunction (renal tubular necrosis)
==== Causes of hypochloraemia ====
* Diarrhoea
* Blood loss
* Peritonitis
* Gastrointestinal loss (higher bowel obstruction)
* Ruptured bladder
* Ascites
* Excessive sweating
* Oesophageal obstruction
* Low salt diet
* Respiratory acidosis
=== Complementary tests ===
In equines the calculation of urine clearance ratios will assist interpretation of serum electrolyte and mineral levels.
== Authors & References ==
[[NationWide Laboratories]]
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]