Changes

Probiotics are commonly combined with other ingredients that possess properties which can be useful in animals experiencing diarrhoea. Various clays have absorptive and adsorptive properties, meaning they can bind fluid and bacterial or viral toxins.<ref name=":20">Fomina M, Skorochod I. Microbial Interaction with Clay Minerals and Its Environmental and Biotechnological Implications. Minerals. 2020; 10(10):861.</ref> Soluble fibres, such as psyllium, can also be useful due to their gel-forming ability when mixed with water. Other common ingredients are the yeast wall extracts mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans which can play a role in preventing pathogenic bacteria binding to the intestinal wall and increasing disease resistance through the activation of intestinal immunity.<ref name=":21">Pignataro G, Di Prinzio R, Crisi PE, Belà B, Fusaro I, Trevisan C, De Acetis L, Gramenzi A. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of treatment with antibiotics or nutraceuticals on clinical activity and the fecal microbiome of dogs with acute diarrhea. Animals. 2021 Jun;11(6):1484.</ref>

Probiotics are commonly combined with other ingredients that possess properties which can be useful in animals experiencing diarrhoea. Various clays have absorptive and adsorptive properties, meaning they can bind fluid and bacterial or viral toxins.<ref name=":20">Fomina M, Skorochod I. Microbial Interaction with Clay Minerals and Its Environmental and Biotechnological Implications. Minerals. 2020; 10(10):861.</ref> Soluble fibres, such as psyllium, can also be useful due to their gel-forming ability when mixed with water. Other common ingredients are the yeast wall extracts mannan-oligosaccharides (MOS) and beta-glucans which can play a role in preventing pathogenic bacteria binding to the intestinal wall and increasing disease resistance through the activation of intestinal immunity.<ref name=":21">Pignataro G, Di Prinzio R, Crisi PE, Belà B, Fusaro I, Trevisan C, De Acetis L, Gramenzi A. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of treatment with antibiotics or nutraceuticals on clinical activity and the fecal microbiome of dogs with acute diarrhea. Animals. 2021 Jun;11(6):1484.</ref>

Assessing the clinical outcomes of probiotic supplementation in dogs with acute diarrhoea has been the subject of numerous placebo-controlled studies.<ref name=":15"/>-<ref name=":19">Li Y, Xia S, Jiang X, Feng C, Gong S, Ma J, Fang Z, Yin J and Yin Y (2021) Gut Microbiota and Diarrhea: An Updated Review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11:625210. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625210</ref>,<ref name=":22">Gómez-Gallego C, Junnila J, Männikkö S, et al. A canine-specific probiotic product in treating acute or intermittent diarrhea in dogs: A double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy study. Vet Microbiol. 2016;197:122-128. </ref> Amongst these studies, findings in the probiotic treated groups included: shorter times to diarrhoea resolution, <ref name=":15"/> -<ref name=":17"/>  greater improvement in stool consistency score,18 faster improvement in Canine Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea Severity Index (CHDSI),18 greater decrease of faecal C. perfringens,<ref name=":17"/> and a lower requirement for additional medical interventions. <ref name=":15"/>,<ref name=":17"/>

Assessing the clinical outcomes of probiotic supplementation in dogs with acute diarrhoea has been the subject of numerous placebo-controlled studies.<ref name=":15"/>-<ref name=":19">Li Y, Xia S, Jiang X, Feng C, Gong S, Ma J, Fang Z, Yin J and Yin Y (2021) Gut Microbiota and Diarrhea: An Updated Review. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol. 11:625210. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.625210</ref>,<ref name=":22">Gómez-Gallego C, Junnila J, Männikkö S, et al. A canine-specific probiotic product in treating acute or intermittent diarrhea in dogs: A double-blind placebo-controlled efficacy study. Vet Microbiol. 2016;197:122-128. </ref> Amongst these studies, findings in the probiotic treated groups included: shorter times to diarrhoea resolution, <ref name=":15"/><ref name=":16"/><ref name=":17"/>  greater improvement in stool consistency score,18 faster improvement in Canine Haemorrhagic Diarrhoea Severity Index (CHDSI),18 greater decrease of faecal C. perfringens,<ref name=":17"/> and a lower requirement for additional medical interventions. <ref name=":15"/>,<ref name=":17"/>

==Summary==

==Summary==