Changes

**Most strains are NAD-dependent (grow on Heated Blood agar)

**Most strains are NAD-dependent (grow on Heated Blood agar)

**Immunofluorescent- or PCR-based techniques

**Immunofluorescent- or PCR-based techniques

**The bacteria on the palatine tonsil may remain undetected by serological tests and swabbing, and can therefore cause an outbreak in naive pigs

**The bacteria on the [[Tonsils - Anatomy & Physiology#Palatine|palatine tonsil]] may remain undetected by serological tests and swabbing, and can therefore cause an outbreak in naive pigs

*Treatment:

*Treatment:

**Antibiotics depending on the strain of bacteria

**Antibiotics depending on the strain of bacteria

**Killed and polyvalent bacterin vaccines as well as a subunit vaccine are available   

**Killed and polyvalent bacterin vaccines as well as a subunit vaccine are available   

**Improve ventilation, avoid chilling and overcrowding

**Improve ventilation, avoid chilling and overcrowding

===''Actinobacillus equuli''===

===''Actinobacillus equuli''===