Changes

== Insemination Methods ==

== Insemination Methods ==

 

 

* Many doses from a single ejaculate.

* Many doses from a single ejaculate.

* Inseminate 6 hours post-oestrus.

* Inseminate 6 hours post-oestrus.

 

* The ewe has a convex [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] with overlapping folds.  Insemination is into the internal os of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]].

* The ewe has a convex [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] with overlapping folds.  Insemination is into the internal os of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]].

* 0.25 ml or less is delivered by pipette.

* 0.25 ml or less is delivered by pipette.

* 70-75% conception rate is achieved with fresh semen, but only 5-15% with frozen semen due to the site of delivery being so far from the site of [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Fertilisation-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|fertilization]].

* 70-75% conception rate is achieved with fresh semen, but only 5-15% with frozen semen due to the site of delivery being so far from the site of [[Fertilisation%2C_Implantation_and_Early_Embryonic_Development_-Fertilisation-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|fertilization]].

* Laparoscopic insemination

==== Laparoscopic insemination ====

** Small numbers of sperm (20 million) are injected into the uterine horns, compared with the 200 million in cervical insemination.

 

** Achieves good fertility,especially for frozen semen.

* Small numbers of sperm (20 million) are injected into the uterine horns, compared with the 200 million in cervical insemination.

** Incise a small hole in the abdominal wall.

* Achieves good fertility,especially for frozen semen.

** Place the ewe head down, feet up so that the uterine tissue is visible.

* Incise a small hole in the abdominal wall.

** Inject through the uterine wall directly into the uterine horn.

* Place the ewe head down, feet up so that the uterine tissue is visible.

* Inject through the uterine wall directly into the uterine horn.

* But, this is expensive and can only be carried out by a vet in the UK under local anaesthesia.   

* But, this is expensive and can only be carried out by a vet in the UK under local anaesthesia.   

* Minimum volume 25-50ml  

* Minimum volume 25-50ml  

* Normally 80ml is delivered through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] to reach the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|uterus]] by gravitational flow.

* Normally 80ml is delivered through the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] to reach the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|uterus]] by gravitational flow.

* Uses 2-3 billion sperm per insemination (60 billion in a normal ejaculate), so is relatively inefficient only giving ~20 inseminations per [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]].

* Uses 2-3 billion sperm per insemination (60 billion in a normal ejaculate), so is relatively inefficient only giving ~20 inseminations per [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Ejaculation|ejaculate]].

* Gloved, lubricated hand is inserted directly into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]].

* Gloved, lubricated hand is inserted directly into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]].

* Index finger is used to guide the insemination pipette into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervical lumen]].

* Index finger is used to guide the insemination pipette into the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervical lumen]].

 

* Vulva is elevated manually so that the ventral 'tilt' of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vestibule]] is removed.

* Vulva is elevated manually so that the ventral 'tilt' of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vestibule]] is removed.

* Allows the insemination pipette to be inserted with relative ease.

* Allows the insemination pipette to be inserted with relative ease.