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*70%+ of starch is digested by '''enzymes'''.
 
*70%+ of starch is digested by '''enzymes'''.
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==Caecum==
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==[[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|Caecum]]==
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*Main site of microbial fermentation, followed by the ascending then descending colons.
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*Main site of microbial fermentation, followed by the ascending then descending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colons]].
 
*On the right side of the abdomen.
 
*On the right side of the abdomen.
 
*Very large, roughly 1m in length with a 30L capacity.
 
*Very large, roughly 1m in length with a 30L capacity.
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*The base lies in the right dorsal part of the abdomen in contact with the abdominal roof.
 
*The base lies in the right dorsal part of the abdomen in contact with the abdominal roof.
 
*Apex lies on the ventral abdominal wall, and terminates at the level of the xiphoid cartilage.
 
*Apex lies on the ventral abdominal wall, and terminates at the level of the xiphoid cartilage.
*Exists at the junction with the ileum and colon.
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*Exists at the junction with the [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|ileum]] and [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].
**The '''caecocolic orifice''' is where the caecum opens into the ascending colon. This exists as a transverse slit formed by a constriction of the ascending colon. There is a sphincter at this point which prevents backward flow of ingesta when the colon contracts.
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**The '''caecocolic orifice''' is where the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] opens into the ascending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]]. This exists as a transverse slit formed by a constriction of the ascending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]]. There is a sphincter at this point which prevents backward flow of ingesta when the colon contracts.
**The ileum opens into the caecum at the '''ileal papilla'''. This is a small projection into the caecum housing the ileal sphincter and venous plexus that, together, control the ileal orifice.
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**The [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|ileum]] opens into the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] at the '''ileal papilla'''. This is a small projection into the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] housing the ileal sphincter and venous plexus that, together, control the ileal orifice.
 
*Taenia are present.
 
*Taenia are present.
 
**Taenia are formed by concentration of the ''longitudinal'' muscle layer.
 
**Taenia are formed by concentration of the ''longitudinal'' muscle layer.
 
**Between the taenia are sacculations, or haustra.
 
**Between the taenia are sacculations, or haustra.
 
**Haustra appear as folds on the interior surface.
 
**Haustra appear as folds on the interior surface.
***There are '''four''' taenia over the caecum: -dorsal - ventral - lateral -medial.
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***There are '''four''' taenia over the [[Caecum - Anaotmy & Physiology|caecum]]: -dorsal - ventral - lateral -medial.
***The ''dorsal'' taenia provides the attachment site for the ileocaecal fold, which joins the caecum to the ileum.
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***The ''dorsal'' taenia provides the attachment site for the ileocaecal fold, which joins the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] to the [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|ileum]].
***The ''lateral'' taenia provides the attachment site for the caecocolic fold, which joins the caecum to the ascending colon.
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***The ''lateral'' taenia provides the attachment site for the caecocolic fold, which joins the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] to the ascending [[Colon - Anatomy & Physiology|colon]].
 
***The ''ventral'' taenia is free.
 
***The ''ventral'' taenia is free.
***The ''medial'' and ''lateral'' taenia are where the caecal vessels and lymph nodes are located.
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***The ''medial'' and ''lateral'' taenia are where the caecal vessels and [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]] are located.
*Ingesta is regularly transported from the ileum to the caecum, this movement can be heard upon auscultation of the right dorsal quadrant of the caudal abdomen.
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*Ingesta is regularly transported from the [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|ileum]] to the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]], this movement can be heard upon auscultation of the right dorsal quadrant of the caudal abdomen.
 
**Ausculatation of this area is carried out in assesment of colic.
 
**Ausculatation of this area is carried out in assesment of colic.
*In the horse, the caecum is responsible for the digestion of complex carbohydrates such as cellulose.
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*In the horse, the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] is responsible for the digestion of complex carbohydrates such as cellulose.
    
==Colon==
 
==Colon==
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