Changes

*Microbes convert carbohydrates to [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] (VFAs).

*Microbes convert carbohydrates to [[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|volatile fatty acids]] (VFAs).

**The horse recieves 75% of it's energy requirements from VFAs.

**The horse recieves 75% of it's energy requirements from VFAs.

**The large intestine is bufferred by secretion of large amounts of bicarbonate from the pancreas and the ileum. Glands in the wall of the large intestine may also produce bicarbonate.

**The large intestine is bufferred by secretion of large amounts of bicarbonate from the [[Pancreas - Anatomy & Physiology|pancreas]] and the [[Ileum - Anatomy & Physiology|ileum]]. Glands in the wall of the [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]] may also produce bicarbonate.

*The microbial population exists in the caecum and ventral colon.

*The microbial population exists in the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] and ventral colon.

*It is mixed; there are both bacteria and protozoa.

*It is mixed; there are both bacteria and protozoa.

*Microbes are anaerobic.

*Microbes are anaerobic.

*[[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|VFAs]] produced are absorbed across the intestinal wall.

*[[Volatile Fatty Acids - Anatomy & Physioogy|VFAs]] produced are absorbed across the intestinal wall.

*Urea from the blood is transported to the intestinal lumen to be used by microbes, which also use nitrogen from the diet.

*Urea from the blood is transported to the intestinal lumen to be used by microbes, which also use nitrogen from the diet.

*Environmental factors of the caecum and ventral colon can influence fermentation of microbial population.

*Environmental factors of the [[Caecum - Anatomy & Physiology|caecum]] and ventral colon can influence fermentation of microbial population.

**Environmental factors include:

**Environmental factors include:

***Frequent intake of food

***Frequent intake of food