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Respiratory System Clinical Signs - Pathology (view source)
Revision as of 15:39, 31 July 2008
, 15:39, 31 July 2008New page: {{toplink |backcolour = D1EEEE |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology |pagetype ...
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|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
|pagetype =Pathology
|sublink1=Respiratory System - Pathology
|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
}}
<br>
===Nasal discharge===
*Bilateral discharge:
**Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
**Lesion has resulted in nasal septum destruction
***[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Neoplasia]]
***[[Fungal infections|Fungal infection]]
*Unilateral discharge:
**Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttural pouch lesion in horses.
*'''Type of discharge'''
**Serous
**Catarrhal
**Purrulent
**Haemorrhage
===Sneezing===
*Nasal
===Facial swelling===
*[[Nasal cavity|Nasal]]
*[[Nasopharynx|Pharyngeal]]
===Pain===
*Any location
===Coughing===
*[[Nasopharynx|Pharynx]]
*[[Larynx]]
*[[Trachea]]
===Dyspnoea/altered air flow===
*Respiratory noise
===Epistaxis===
*Haemorrhage from the nose
*May originate from nasopharynx or lower respiratory tract
*Causes
**Inflammation eg: [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|ulcerative rhinitis]]
**Neoplasia eg: [[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic|infiltrating tumour]], haemangioma
**Trauma
**Clotting defects
*'''Horse''':
**[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
**[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]] = 'Haemorrhagic nasal polyp', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.
***Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
**[[Lungs - circulatory#Pulmonary haemorrhage|Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage]]
**Rupture of rectus capitus - profuse haemorrhage
**[[Guttural pouches - inflammatory|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]
**Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
**Nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body
**[[Paranasal sinuses - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Sinus neoplasia]]
**[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]]
**[[Paranasal sinuses - inflammatory|Sinusitis]]
**Lower airway disease
**[[Lungs - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Pulmonary neoplasia]]
**Cardiac
***Mitral insufficiency
***Atrial fibrillation
**Skeletal
***Head trauma
**Rarely hypertension or vascular aneurysms
*Blood stained nose at post-mortem - terminal pulmonary congestion, oedema, haemorrhage
===Dysphagia===
*'''Horses'''
**[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrointestinal tract]]
***[[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|Oesophageal]] obstruction
**Respiratory tract
***Retropharyngeal abscesses e.g. [[Bacterial infections#Strangles|strangles]]
***Other retropharyngeal masses
***Pharyngeal foreign body
***Pharyngeal paralysis
**Neurological
***[[Guttural pouches - inflammatory|Guttural pouch mycosis]]
***[[Intestines - physical disturbances#Dysautonomia|Equine grass sickness]]
***[[Clostridium species|Botulism]]
***Lead poisoning
*Cleft palate
*Dummy foal
*[http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Lekeux/couetil/chapter.asp?LA=1 Equine respiratory disease by clinical signs]
**Contains pictures and videos
**From Equine Respiratory Diseases edited by P. Lekeux, published by the International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)
**Requires IVIS membership
|backcolour = D1EEEE
|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
|pagetype =Pathology
|sublink1=Respiratory System - Pathology
|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
}}
<br>
===Nasal discharge===
*Bilateral discharge:
**Lesion is caudal to nasal septum eg: pharyngeal lesion; LRT lesion in [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
**Lesion has resulted in nasal septum destruction
***[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Neoplasia]]
***[[Fungal infections|Fungal infection]]
*Unilateral discharge:
**Lesion is cranial to nasal septum eg: nasal or sinus lesion; pharyngeal or guttural pouch lesion in horses.
*'''Type of discharge'''
**Serous
**Catarrhal
**Purrulent
**Haemorrhage
===Sneezing===
*Nasal
===Facial swelling===
*[[Nasal cavity|Nasal]]
*[[Nasopharynx|Pharyngeal]]
===Pain===
*Any location
===Coughing===
*[[Nasopharynx|Pharynx]]
*[[Larynx]]
*[[Trachea]]
===Dyspnoea/altered air flow===
*Respiratory noise
===Epistaxis===
*Haemorrhage from the nose
*May originate from nasopharynx or lower respiratory tract
*Causes
**Inflammation eg: [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|ulcerative rhinitis]]
**Neoplasia eg: [[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic|infiltrating tumour]], haemangioma
**Trauma
**Clotting defects
*'''Horse''':
**[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Nasal aspergillosis]]
**[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Progressive ethmoidal haematoma|Ethmoidal haematoma]] = 'Haemorrhagic nasal polyp', 'Progressive haematoma' - arise from the ethmoid region and can extend to fill the nasal cavity. They can be difficult to control as they can recur after surgery.
***Histology - multiple areas of acute to chronic haemorrhage within a fibrous tissue stroma.
**[[Lungs - circulatory#Pulmonary haemorrhage|Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage]]
**Rupture of rectus capitus - profuse haemorrhage
**[[Guttural pouches - inflammatory|Mycotic infection of guttural pouches]]
**Nasolacrimal haemorrhage
**Nasal/pharyngeal trauma/foreign body
**[[Paranasal sinuses - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Sinus neoplasia]]
**[[Nasal cavity - hyperplastic and neoplastic#Nasal and paranasal sinus cysts|Sinus cyst]]
**[[Paranasal sinuses - inflammatory|Sinusitis]]
**Lower airway disease
**[[Lungs - hyperplastic and neoplastic|Pulmonary neoplasia]]
**Cardiac
***Mitral insufficiency
***Atrial fibrillation
**Skeletal
***Head trauma
**Rarely hypertension or vascular aneurysms
*Blood stained nose at post-mortem - terminal pulmonary congestion, oedema, haemorrhage
===Dysphagia===
*'''Horses'''
**[[Alimentary - Anatomy & Physiology|Gastrointestinal tract]]
***[[Oesophagus - Anatomy & Physiology|Oesophageal]] obstruction
**Respiratory tract
***Retropharyngeal abscesses e.g. [[Bacterial infections#Strangles|strangles]]
***Other retropharyngeal masses
***Pharyngeal foreign body
***Pharyngeal paralysis
**Neurological
***[[Guttural pouches - inflammatory|Guttural pouch mycosis]]
***[[Intestines - physical disturbances#Dysautonomia|Equine grass sickness]]
***[[Clostridium species|Botulism]]
***Lead poisoning
*Cleft palate
*Dummy foal
*[http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Lekeux/couetil/chapter.asp?LA=1 Equine respiratory disease by clinical signs]
**Contains pictures and videos
**From Equine Respiratory Diseases edited by P. Lekeux, published by the International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)
**Requires IVIS membership