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| − | {{toplink
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Parasitic Infections]] |
| − | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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| − | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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| − | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==In Dogs==
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| − | *Useful websites:
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| − | **[http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/ddb_resp/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 Cat and dog respiratory parasites (part 1)] - Nasal Mucosa and Sinuses, and Respiratory Parenchyma
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| − | **[http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/ddb_resp2/chapter_frm.asp Cat and dog respiratory parasites (part 2)] - Trachea and Bronchi, and Pulmonary Vessels
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|'''''Filaroides osleri''''']]===
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| − | * = ''Oslerus osleri''
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| − | *Colonise the [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea of dogs]]
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| − | *Larva and adults accumulate in submucosal nodules of up to 1cm diameter at the tracheal bifurcation.
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| − | *Minimal inflammatory host reaction to the nematodes when they are alive - the size of the nodule is related to the number and size of the nematodes within it.
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| − | *When the parasites die, an intense foreign body reaction develops
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| − | *Tracheal nodules can cause coughing, usually in young dogs <18 months old.
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| − | *Severe infestation can cause significant occlusion of the airway.
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| − | *Uncommon, but sometimes seen in coughing greyhounds
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| − | ===[[Crustacea|''Linguatula serrata'']]===
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| − | *Synonym: tongue worm
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| − | *In [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal passages]] of dogs, sometimes cats
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| − | *May reach the [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinuses]]
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| − | *Heavy infections may cause sneezing, coughing, nasal discharge
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Angiostrongylus vasorum'']]===
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| − | *Adult worms live in the [[Lungs - circulatory|pulmonary arteries]] and '''right side of the heart''' dogs and foxes
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| − | *Cause a proliferative endoarteritis
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| − | *More severe damage is caused however by eggs lodging in arterioles and capillaries
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| − | *In severe infection, this can result in [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Lungs - circulatory#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]] as an acute syndrome
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| − | *Circulatory impedance can result in congestive cardiac failure
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| − | *Particularly a problem if dogs eats snails
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| − | *Gross:
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| − | **Patchy white appearance with haemorrhagic areas within
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Golden pigment within macrophages (haemosiderin)
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| − | **Inflammation and scarring of alveolar walls -> enlargement of remaining air spaces
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| − | *Worms secrete anticoagulant -> haemorrhage in other parts of body
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| − | *May present as neurological cases due to the haemorrhage
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| − | *May cause [[Lungs - circulatory#Embolism, thrombosis and infarction|pulmonary thromboembolism]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Filarioidea|''Dirofilaria immitis'']]===
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| − | *Establish in '''heart''' and [[Lungs - circulatory|pulmonary arteries]]
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| − | *Larvae migrate through connective tissue
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| − | *Immature adults move to caudal distal pulmonary arteries causing diffuse eosinophilic reaction in lung parenchyma, then migrate back to right ventricle
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| − | *May cause [[Lungs - circulatory#Embolism, thrombosis and infarction|pulmonary thromboembolism]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Trichinelloidea|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
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| − | *In [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal passages]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinuses]], [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of traacheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]] of cats and dogs
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| − | *Some dogs cough but often no symptoms
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| − | *Mild catharral inflammation
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| − | *In heavy infestation may cause obstruction of the lumen of airways and may develop into secondary [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===Toxoplasmosis===
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| − | *Caused by [[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia|''Toxoplasma gondii'']]
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| − | *Cats are definitive hosts but other species may become intermediate hosts if they ingest the oocysts
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| − | *Usually induces antibody response but remains silent clinically
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| − | *Often show clinical signs when immunosuppressed
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| − | *Involves many different tissues
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| − | *Multifocal necrotising [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]]
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| − | *Proliferation of type II pneumocytes
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| − | *Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Crenosoma vulpis'']]===
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| − | *Mainly parasite of foxes but dogs may become infected from snails and slugs
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| − | *Adults in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|small bronchi and bronchioles]]
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Greyish lesions and consolidation in dorsal aspect of caudal lung lobes
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Catharral, eosinophilic bronchitis ans bronchiolitis
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| − | | |
| − | ==In Cats==
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| − | | |
| − | *Useful websites:
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| − | **[http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/ddb_resp/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 Cat and dog respiratory parasites (part 1)] - Nasal Mucosa and Sinuses, and Respiratory Parenchyma
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| − | **[http://www.ivis.org/advances/Parasit_Bowman/ddb_resp2/chapter_frm.asp Cat and dog respiratory parasites (part 2)] - Trachea and Bronchi, and Pulmonary Vessels
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Crustacea|''Linguatula serrata'']]===
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| − | *As in dogs above
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Aelurostrongylus abstrussus'']]===
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| − | *Live in [[Lungs - inflammatory|lung parenchyma]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|small bronchioles]]
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Firm yellow nodules scattered throughout parenchyma, more frequently at periphery
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| − | *Microscopically:
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| − | **Eggs and larvae in the alveolar spaces cause a foreign body type reaction (surrounded by mononuclear cells and giant cells)
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| − | **Submucosal gland hypertrophy and smooth muscle hypertrophy in airway and vessel walls
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| − | *Associated clinical signs are mild although heavy infestations may -> chronic coughing
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| − | *The airway eosinophilia which may be detected can be confused with a diagnosis of asthma
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| − | ===[[Filarioidea|''Dirofilaria immitis'']]===
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| − | *As in dogs above
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| − | *Not very infective in cats but one dead adult causes acute pulmonary crisis - [[Lungs - circulatory#Embolism, thrombosis and infarction|thromboembolism]]
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Trichinelloidea|''Capillaria aerophila'']]===
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| − | *As in dogs above
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| − | ==In Horses==
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| − | ===[[Ascaridoidea|''Parascaris equorum'']]===
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| − | *Causes transient [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal discharge]] when migrating through [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]]
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| − | **Foals and weanlings
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| − | ===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'']]===
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| − | *Found in smaller [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]]
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| − | *Cause of chronic cough
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| − | *Donkeys are a reservoir mostly without any clinical signs
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Raised areas of over-inflated pulmonary tissue surrounding small bronchus, containing worms and mucopurulent exudate
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| − | **Hyperplastic bronchial epithelium
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| − | **Coiled worms in small bronchi
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| − | **Peribronchial cuffing
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| − | **In caudal lung lobes
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Central coiled parasites and associated chronic catharral bronchitis
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| − | **Goblet cell hyperplasia
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| − | **Lymphoid cell infiltration
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| − | *In [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]], the worms usually fail to achieve sexual maturity
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| − | ===[[Coccidia|''Besnoitia bennetti'']]===
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| − | | |
| − | *Papilloma like lesions in [[Larynx - inflammatory#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]], skin and sclera
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| − | *Thick walled parasitic cysts, covered by hyperplastic epithelium, may be ulcerated
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| − | ==In Cattle==
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| − | | |
| − | ===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']]===
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| − | [[Image:Dictyocaulus viviparus.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Dictyocaulus viviparus (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | [[Image:Parasitic bronchitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Parasitic bronchitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Found in [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|large bronchi]]
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| − | *Causes parasitic bronchitis, synonyms: bovine dictyocauliosis, husk, hoose
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| − | *Primary infection:
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| − | **Penetration phase (week 1)
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| − | ***Larvae migrate to lungs, no clinical signs
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| − | **Prepatent phase (weeks 1-3)
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| − | ***Development and migration of larvae -> [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]] -> eosinophilic exudate -> air passage blocked -> alveolar collapse (distal to blockage) -> clinical signs (tachypnoea, coughing)
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| − | **Patent phase (weeks 4-8)
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| − | ***Egg-producing mature worms
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| − | ***[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchitis|Bronchitis]] - due to mature worms
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| − | ***[[Lungs - inflammatory#Verminous pneumonia|Parasitic pneumonia]] - due to aspiration of eggs and larvae -> cellular infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, giant cells
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| − | **Postpatent phase (weeks 8-12)
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| − | ***Majority of worms are expelled
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| − | ***In 25% of cases clinical signs may reappear as a result of alveolar epithelialisation
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| − | ***May be together with [[Lungs - ventilation#Emphysema|interstitial emphysema]] and [[Lungs - circulatory#Pulmonary oedema|pulmonary oedema]], or secondary bacterial infection
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| − | *Reinfection syndrome:
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| − | **Immune cattle show clinical signs only if exposed to large numbers
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| − | **Pathogenesis - large numbers of larvae reach bronchioles where they are killed by immune response
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| − | **Pathology - parasite granulomata (grey-green, 5mm diameter, macrophages, giant cells, eosinophils) and eosinophilic plugs in bronchioles
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| − | <small>Above from RVC Parasitology study guide (2005-2006)</small>
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| − | *Preferentially in dorsocaudaland ventrocaudal regions
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Bronchial epithelium may show hyperplasia due to the chronic irritation
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| − | **Cross-sections of the parasites
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| − | **Exudate contains many eosinophils
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| − | **Foci of necrosis in the rest of the lung tissue due to aspiration of eggs and larvae fromhese adults
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| − | **In mild infestations, the adults are normally expelled in two months - self cure
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| − | *Repeated infestation and secondary bacterial infection are common
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| − | *Two other types of lesion in lung tissue due to this worm have been reported:
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| − | **Nodules (2-4mm in diameter) with greenish centres in the reinfection of an immune animal - the host mounting a successful defence and preventing larval migration
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| − | **Pulmonary oedema and emphysema - thought to be a hypersensitivity response to a massive invasion of larvae in previously- sensitised animals - the gross and microscopic appearance is similar to that of [[Lungs - inflammatory#Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema (ABPEE)|fog fever]]
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| − | ===Hydatid cysts===
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| − | [[Image:Echinococcus cysts.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Echinococcus cysts (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *The intermediate stage of [[Cestodes|''Echinococcus granulosus'']] can be found in the lungs of many species, most commonly in lungs of cattle and sheep
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| − | *They range in size up to 5-10 cm diameter and although of little clinical significance, are important as a zoonosis (can be upto football size in man) and because of carcass condemnation
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| − | ===[[Strongyloidea|''Syngamus laryngeus'']]===
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| − | *In [[Larynx - inflammatory#Infectious causes of laryngitis|larynx]] of cattle in Asia and South America
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| − | ==In Sheep==
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| − | ===Hydatid cysts===
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| − | As in cattle (above)
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| − | ===[[Insecta|''Oestrus ovis'']]===
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| − | *Larvae in the [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal cavity]] of sheep and goats = Nasal bots
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| − | *Causes reaction in [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinuses]]
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| − | [[Media:Oestrus ovis.mp4]]
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Protostrongylus'' spp.]]===
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| − | *Adult worms block small [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles]] resulting in accumulation of eggs, larvae and cellular debri distal to the blockage
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| − | *Lesions resemble [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus filaria|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']] but are fewer in numbers, lobular and at periphery of caudal lobes, they are very similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Muellerius capillaris|''Muellerius capillaris'']] lesions
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Muellerius capillaris'']]===
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| − | *Common in sheep and goats
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| − | *Rarely any clinical significance
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Multifocal [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial]] [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] grossly evident as firm "lead-shot" nodules throughout the parenchyma, often with enveloping granulomatous response
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| − | **Early stages are reddish in colour, turning later to greyish green, may calcify
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| − | **Mostly in dorsal region of caudal lung lobes
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Damaged alveolar septa with mild fibrous thickening and lymphocytic infiltrate
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| − | **In more developed host resistance, foci of eosinophils around larvae, hyperplastic epithelium, macrophages, giant cells
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| − | **May be some calcification
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| − | ===[[Trichostrongyloidea|''Dictyocaulus filaria'']]===
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| − | *Most susceptible when first exposed to contaminated pasture
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| − | *Animals < 1 year old
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| − | *Pathogenesis and pathology similar to [[Respiratory Parasitic Infections - Pathology#Dictyocaulus viviparus|''Dictyocaulus viviparus'']] in cattle
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| − | *[[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|Bronchitis]]
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| − | ==In Pigs==
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| − | ===[[Metastrongyloidae|''Metastrongylus'' spp.]]===
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| − | *Found in [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchioles and smaller bronchi]]
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| − | *Grossly:
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| − | **Small grey nodules, especially along ventral border of caudal lobes
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| − | **Adult worms in bronchi and bronchioles
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| − | *Histologically:
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| − | **Catarrhal and eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchiolitis
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| − | **Possibly [[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
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| − | *Rarely becomes extensive
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| − | *May transmit [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|swine influenza]]
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| − | ===[[Ascaris suum|''Ascaris suum'']]===
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| − | *May cause [[Lungs - inflammatory#Verminous pneumonia|parasitic pneumonia]] during a part of its migration
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| − | *Larvae may be infected with [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Swine influenza|Swine influenza]]
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| − | *May cause severe pneumonia in calves housed where infected pigs were housed previously
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| − | *Cause diffuse [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with haemorrhage, [[Lungs - ventilation#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]], [[Lungs - circulatory#Pulmonary oedema|interlobular oedema]] and [[Lungs - ventilation#Emphysema|emphysema]]
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