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Respiratory Viral Infections (view source)
Revision as of 21:39, 4 August 2008
, 21:39, 4 August 2008no edit summary
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*Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]]
*Caused by a [[Paramyxoviridae#Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)|morbillivirus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
*Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
*Although many organs can be affected by CDV, a relatively constant feature is the respiratory signs which occur in varying severity
*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
*A syndrome of catharral oculonasal discharge, [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] is relatively common in the initial stages
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*Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]]
*Caused by an [[Paramyxoviridae|parainfluenza- 2 virus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheo]][[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
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*Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
*Persistent tracheobronchial inflammation
*The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur
*The outcomes is generally recovery (may persist >3 weeks), but extension to [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|chronic bronchitis]] or cranioventral [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] may occur
−*In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Rhinitis|rhinitis]]
+*In severe cases can extend to serous/mucopurulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis)
*Lesions are neither specific nor always significant (catarrhal / mucopurulent tracheobronchitis)
*Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
*Enlarged tonsils and retropharyngeal lymph nodes
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*Caused by [[Herpesviridae|canine herpes virus 1]]
*Caused by [[Herpesviridae|canine herpes virus 1]]
*Part of '''fading puppy syndrome'''
*Part of '''fading puppy syndrome'''
−*Presents with necrotising [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhino]][[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and secondary [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] in older dogs
+*Presents with necrotising [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhino]][[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and secondary [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]] in older dogs
*Seems to be common subclinically
*Seems to be common subclinically
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*Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]
*Caused by a [[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]
−*Tends to be more [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
+*Tends to be more [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] than [[Trachea - inflammatory#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]], may extend to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
*Feline herpesvirus -1
*Feline herpesvirus -1
**One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
**One of the causes of Feline viral rhinotracheitis
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*Causative agent: [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]]
*Causative agent: [[Caliciviridae|feline calicivirus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
*Suggested in the presence of ulceration of the dorsal and lateral edges of the [[Oral Cavity - Tongue - Anatomy & Physiology|tongue]], hard palate and external nares
*Lesions present may include [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Patholgoy#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
*Lesions present may include [[Lungs - inflammatory#Interstitial pneumonia|interstitial pneumonia]] with necrotising [[Bronchi and Bronchioles - Patholgoy#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchiolitis]]
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===Equine rhinovirus===
===Equine rhinovirus===
*Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|equine rhinovirus]]
*Causative agent: [[Picornaviridae|equine rhinovirus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]]
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]]
*Most common in young horses
*Most common in young horses
*May cause acute upper respiratory disease
*May cause acute upper respiratory disease
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===Equine influenza===
===Equine influenza===
*Causative agent: [[Orthomyxoviridae|equine influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)]]
*Causative agent: [[Orthomyxoviridae|equine influenza virus (Orthomyxovirus)]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]],
*Pathogenesis:
*Pathogenesis:
**Inhalation -> replication in epithelial cells of upper and lower airways (attaches via haemaglutinin spike and gains entry into cell) -> neuramidase alters efficiency of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary apparatus]]
**Inhalation -> replication in epithelial cells of upper and lower airways (attaches via haemaglutinin spike and gains entry into cell) -> neuramidase alters efficiency of [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary apparatus]]
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===Equine rhinopneumonitis ===
===Equine rhinopneumonitis ===
*Causative agent: [[Herpesviridae|equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4]]
*Causative agent: [[Herpesviridae|equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4]]
−*Primary viral lesions in [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|nasal mucosa]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]]
+*Primary viral lesions in [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|nasal mucosa]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]]
*Mild, transient [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
*Mild, transient [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
*Latent infection acting as a reservoir
*Latent infection acting as a reservoir
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===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)===
===Equine viral arteritis (EVA)===
*Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]]
*Causative agent: [[Arteriviridae|equine arterivirus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], peripheral oedema, [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchitis/bronchiolitis]], conjunctivitis, periorbital oedema
*Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
*Replicates in macrophages and endothelial cells
*Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
*Disseminates via the circulatory system causing necrotising arteritis
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*Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']]
*Causative agent is [[Herpesviridae|'''bovine herpesvirus, type 1''']]
*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
*URT infection with serous nasal discharge, increases respiratory rate, coughing and moderate fever,from nasal mucosa down to bronchioles
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|pharyngitis]], [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology|laryngitis]], [[Trachea - inflammatory|tracheitis]], [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology|bronchiolitis]]
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
*Morbidity is high, mortality is low
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
*Highly infectious URT disease of cattle
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*Causative agent: [[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|parainfluenza- 3 virus]] (PI3)
*Causative agent: [[Paramyxoviridae#Bovine Parainfluenza - 3 (PI-3)|parainfluenza- 3 virus]] (PI3)
−*On its own causes [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
+*On its own causes [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
*Often part of multi-aetiology disease complex (e.g. [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]), often followed by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella sp.'']] obscuring viral origin
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
*Replicates in airway epithelial cells and results in an initial [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis -> bronchiolitis]] -> extension into [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|alveoli]], causing [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
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*Causative agent: [[Adenoviridae|bovine adenovirus]]
*Causative agent: [[Adenoviridae|bovine adenovirus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|Rhinitis]]
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
*May contribute to [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of calves|Enzootic pneumonia of calves]]
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*[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']]
*[[Herpesviridae|'''Herpesviridae, porcine cytomegalovirus''']]
*Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
*Disease of suckling piglets 1-5 wks of age
−*Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal cavity - inflammatory#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old)
+*Clinical signs: those associated with acute/subacute [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] (ie: serous nasal discharge, progressing to catarrhal or purulent discharge with time and secondary bacterial infections; sneezing; pyrexia), fever in young piglets (3-8wks old)
*May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*May progress to [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Sinusitis|sinusitis]], otitis media or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Morbitity high, mortality low
*Morbitity high, mortality low
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*Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae|Swine influenza virus]]
*Caused by [[Orthomyxoviridae|Swine influenza virus]]
−*[[Nasal cavity - inflammatory|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
+*[[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|Rhinitis]], may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
*Clinical signs: pyrexia, lethargy, skin erythema, anorexia, severe cough and sneezing, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis, pregnant sows may abort
*Grossly:
*Grossly: