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Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology (view source)
Revision as of 21:30, 6 August 2008
, 21:30, 6 August 2008no edit summary
*Persistent respiratory infection caused by [[Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species|''Chlamydia psittaci (felis)'']]
*Persistent respiratory infection caused by [[Chlamydia and Chlamydophila species|''Chlamydia psittaci (felis)'']]
*Mild conjunctivitis, serous purulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and conjunctivitis, in severe cases mild [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] - feline pneumonitis
*Mild conjunctivitis, serous purulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and conjunctivitis, in severe cases mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] - feline pneumonitis
===[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma felis'']]===
===[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma felis'']]===
**Catarrhal conjunctivitis may be present
**Catarrhal conjunctivitis may be present
*Less frequently, complications can occur as follows :
*Less frequently, complications can occur as follows :
**Purulent inflammation may extent to [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouches]] or [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
**Purulent inflammation may extent to [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouches]] or [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], [[Paranasal Sinuses Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of sinusitis|sinusitis]]
**Bacteraemia with metastatic abscesses - most often to the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes, less frequently, other organs such as [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], kidney and brain can be involved - '''Bastard strangles'''
**Bacteraemia with metastatic abscesses - most often to the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes, less frequently, other organs such as [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], kidney and brain can be involved - '''Bastard strangles'''
**Retropharyngeal abscesses can rupture onto the skin of neck or into the [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch]] resulting in '''guttural pouch empyema or chondroid formation''' - carrier state
**Retropharyngeal abscesses can rupture onto the skin of neck or into the [[Guttural Pouches Inflammatory - Pathology|guttural pouch]] resulting in '''guttural pouch empyema or chondroid formation''' - carrier state
*Characterised by multiple small submucosal [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal nodules]] which liquefy and ulcerate
*Characterised by multiple small submucosal [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal nodules]] which liquefy and ulcerate
**Cores of neutrophils surrounded by a rim of macrophages and [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Granulation tissue|granulation tissue]]
**Cores of neutrophils surrounded by a rim of macrophages and [[General Pathology - Chronic Inflammation#Granulation tissue|granulation tissue]]
*In addition may have similar nodules in [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], '''lymph nodes''' and '''cutaneous lymphatics'''
*In addition may have similar nodules in [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], '''lymph nodes''' and '''cutaneous lymphatics'''
*Clinical signs: fever and head/ neck lymphadenitis, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Clinical signs: fever and head/ neck lymphadenitis, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Causative agent [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi'']]
*Causative agent [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi'']]
*Important cause of sever, often fatal [[Lungs - inflammatory#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous]] [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in foals
*Important cause of sever, often fatal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in foals
*Clinical signs include depression, cough, weight loss, respiratory distress, diarrhoea, arthritis, subcutaneous abscesses
*Clinical signs include depression, cough, weight loss, respiratory distress, diarrhoea, arthritis, subcutaneous abscesses
*Bacterium survives phagocytosis and multiplies
*Bacterium survives phagocytosis and multiplies
*Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
*Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
*Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
*Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchi Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchi Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
*Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
*Also may occur in pigs
*Also may occur in pigs
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
*Clinical signs: depression, anorexia, rapid shallow respiration, crusty nose with mucopurulent discharge, serous ocular discharge
*Clinical signs: depression, anorexia, rapid shallow respiration, crusty nose with mucopurulent discharge, serous ocular discharge
*Acute [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] and may progress to [[Lungs - inflammatory#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]] with toxaemia
*Acute [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] and may progress to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]] with toxaemia
*Pathology
*Pathology
**Lobar, cranioventral exudative pneumonia with fibrin, [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]], areas of coagulative necrosis
**Lobar, cranioventral exudative pneumonia with fibrin, [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]], areas of coagulative necrosis
*Caused by [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacteruim bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'']]
*Caused by [[Mycobacteria spp.|''Mycobacteruim bovis'' and ''M. tuberculosis'']]
*Reside primarily within macrophages where they multiply and result in characteristic [[Lungs - inflammatory#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous inflammation]] (macrophages and giant cells, epithelioid cells)
*Reside primarily within macrophages where they multiply and result in characteristic [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous inflammation]] (macrophages and giant cells, epithelioid cells)
*Cattle can be infected by inhalation of the organism or through milk
*Cattle can be infected by inhalation of the organism or through milk
*'''The primary complex'''
*'''The primary complex'''
*Caused by [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma mycoides'']], small colony variant
*Caused by [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma mycoides'']], small colony variant
*Causes a fibrinonecrotic [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
*Causes a fibrinonecrotic [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
*Also affects caudodorsal areas
*Also affects caudodorsal areas
*[[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|Bronchopneumonia]] -> [[Lungs - inflammatory#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]]
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|Bronchopneumonia]] -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]]
*Sequestra are common
*Sequestra are common
*NB: similarity to pneumonic pasteurellosis but CBPP has more pronounced marbled effect
*NB: similarity to pneumonic pasteurellosis but CBPP has more pronounced marbled effect
*Pathogens:
*Pathogens:
**[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
**[[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
===Acute exudative pneumonia===
===Acute exudative pneumonia===
*[[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in very young calves
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in very young calves
*[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']] is most frequently isolated
*[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']] is most frequently isolated
*Cranio-ventral distribution
*Cranio-ventral distribution
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
*Caused by [[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
*Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
*Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
*A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
*A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
*Starts as a pyemia and localises in varius tissues, including the lung as abscessation
*Starts as a pyemia and localises in varius tissues, including the lung as abscessation
**Encapsulated abscesses contain yellow, caseous or creamy pus
**Encapsulated abscesses contain yellow, caseous or creamy pus
*[[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] and arthritis are the most common presentation
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] and arthritis are the most common presentation
==In Pigs==
==In Pigs==
***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
*[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*[[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']] also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
*Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia'''
*Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia'''
*Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
*Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
*[[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs
*Cough, reduced growth rate
*Cough, reduced growth rate
*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
**In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
**In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
*Histologically
*Histologically
**Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
**Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
**In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
**In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
*Causative agent: [[Actinobacillus species|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
*Causative agent: [[Actinobacillus species|''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae'']]
*Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
*Spread by direct contact and aerosol
*Spread by direct contact and aerosol
*Lesions
*Lesions
===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
*[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
*[[Pasteurella species and Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
*Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
*Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
*Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
*Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
*A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
*A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
*Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
*Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
*Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
*Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
*Caused by [[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus parasuis'']]
*Caused by [[Haemophilus species|''Haemophilus parasuis'']]
*May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs - inflammatory#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
*May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
*Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
*Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
*Zoonotic
*Zoonotic
*Carried in nasal cavity and lymph nodes of healthy pigs
*Carried in nasal cavity and lymph nodes of healthy pigs
*Some serotypes may cause [[Lungs - inflammatory#Embolic pneumonia|embolic pneumonia]], others suppurative or fibrinous [[Lungs - inflammatory#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], often in combination with other bacteria
*Some serotypes may cause [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Embolic pneumonia|embolic pneumonia]], others suppurative or fibrinous [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|bronchopneumonia]], often in combination with other bacteria
===Tuberculosis in pigs===
===Tuberculosis in pigs===