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Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 14:04, 15 August 2008
, 14:04, 15 August 2008→Joints of the Distal Hindlimb
===Patella===
* This is the largest '''sesamoid bone''' and lies in the tendinous insertion of the quadriceps.
* The articular surface is on the caudal aspect faces the femur. The free surface faces cranial and is palpable in all species.
* The base is at the proximal end and is rough due to muscular attachments.
* The apex is at the distal end.
*'''[[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|Patella]]'''
===Tarsal Joint/Hock===
*'''[[Tarsal Joint/Hock - Anatomy & Physiology|Tarsal Joint/Hock]]'''
A '''composite joint''' between the tibia, fibula, tarsal bones and metatarsals which has four levels of articulation. The joint capsules' '''fibrous layer''' extends from the distal crus to the proximal metatarsal and thus covers the whole tarsus. The '''synovial layer''' forms four synovial sacs for each level of articulation. The points of articulations are: '''Tarsocrural Joint''', '''Proximal Intertarsal Joint''', '''Distal Intertarsal Joint''' and the '''Tarsometatarsal Joint'''. The intratarsal joints are very closely apposed and so allow very little movement.
'''''Tarsocrural Joint'''''
* A cochlear joint formed by the articulation of the trochlea of the talus and the distal end of the tibia. And the articulation between the calcaneous and the distal end of the fibula or lateral malleolus (cows).
* It has a large joint capsule that communicates with the proximal intertarsal joint. It has two plantar pouches that extends proximally above the medial and lateral malleoli. It also has a dorsal pouch that continues under the medial tendon of the cranial tibial muscle.
'''''Proximal Intertarsal Joint'''''
* Proximally the talus and calcaneus articulate and distally the central and forth tarsal bone articulate.
* The extent of direction of movement is species variable.
* A rigid joint formed by the central tarsal bone and the small tarsal bones distally.
'''''Tarsometatarsal Joint'''''
* This is the articulation between the distal tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones.
'''Ligaments of the Tarsus'''
* '''Long lateral collateral ligament''' connects the lateral malleolus to the proximal part of the lateral metatarsal bones. Along it's course it attaches to the lateral tarsal bones.
* '''Short lateral collateral ligament''' connects the lateral malleoulus to the calcaneus and the talus and lies deep to the long lateral collateral ligament.
* '''Long medial collateral ligament''' connects the medial malleolus to the proximal part of the medial metatarsal bones. Along it's course it attaches to the medial tarsal bones.
* '''Short medial collateral ligament''' connects the medial malleolus to the calcaneus and the talus and is deep to the long ligament.
* '''Dorsal tarsal ligament''' is a triangular sheath, which is spread between the medial part of the talus, the central and 3rd tarsal bones and the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones.
* '''Long plantar ligament''' is a strong ligament connecting the calcaneus to the central and 4th tarsal bones and the proximal part of the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones.
* Numerous short ligaments bridge the joint spaces in the intratarsal joints.
* Strong fascia help keep tendons in place and are partially fused to the joint capsule. The most important are the '''proximal extensor retinaculum''', which holds down the tendon of the long digital extensor and the cranial tibial muscles, and the '''distal extensor retinaculum''', which holds the tendon of the long digital extensor in place.
==Muscles of the Hindlimb==
==Muscles of the Hindlimb==