Changes

After entering the renal pelvis the modification of the urine is over in all domestic species other than the horse where mucin is added.  The urine passes along the [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology| ureters]] and enters the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]].  It is here that the urine is stored until it is to be voided.  Urine is not constantly excreted and it is only when there is a significant amount present in the bladder that the process of voiding occurs.  Both the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology| Bladder]] and the [[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology| Urethra]] have smooth muscle and thus receive autonomic influence with regard to their activity.  However the urethra also has an element of skeletal muscle giving the animal some degree of concsious control over the voiding of urine.

After entering the renal pelvis the modification of the urine is over in all domestic species other than the horse where mucin is added.  The urine passes along the [[Ureters - Anatomy & Physiology| ureters]] and enters the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology|bladder]].  It is here that the urine is stored until it is to be voided.  Urine is not constantly excreted and it is only when there is a significant amount present in the bladder that the process of voiding occurs.  Both the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology| Bladder]] and the [[Urethra - Anatomy & Physiology| Urethra]] have smooth muscle and thus receive autonomic influence with regard to their activity.  However the urethra also has an element of skeletal muscle giving the animal some degree of concsious control over the voiding of urine.

==Innervation Involved in the Reflex==

==The Reflex==

===Sensory===

===The Muscles===

The fullness of the bladder is detected by stretch sensitive nerve endings in the bladder wall

 

===Motor===

The motor components of the reflex are the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology #Detrusor Muscle| Detrusor Muscle]], [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology #Internal Urethral Sphincter| Internal Urethral Sphincter]] and the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology #External Urethral Sphincter| External Urethral Sphincter]].  They former two are supplied by the autonomic nervous system with the latter being of somatic innvervation.   

The motor components of the reflex are the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology #Detrusor Muscle| Detrusor Muscle]], [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology #Internal Urethral Sphincter| Internal Urethral Sphincter]] and the [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology #External Urethral Sphincter| External Urethral Sphincter]].  They former two are supplied by the autonomic nervous system with the latter being of somatic innvervation.   

* The general aim for the '''parasympathetic system''' is to '''void urine'''

* The general aim for the '''parasympathetic system''' is to '''void urine'''

===Parasympathetic Supply - Bladder [[Bladder - Anatomy & Physiology#Detrusor Muscle|Detrusor Muscle]]===

===The Process===

The bladder when empty is a small organ with folded epithelium.  It is able to stretch to an organ which is much larger than when in its empty state.  It has many stretch sensitive nerve endings within its wall which monitor how full it is.  As the bladder is filling sympathetic supply dominates and keeps the bladder wall relaxed and the internal urethral sphincter closed.  This stops urine from escaping the bladder.  As the bladder fills it stretchs more and pressure is placed on itself and the sphincters keeping the urethra closed.  As the tone within the stretch sensitive fibres increases due to filling then we see a switch to the parasympathetic system.  Above a certain level this triggers a contraction within the detrusor muscle which in turn further increases the pressure and thus further increases the tone in the sensory fibres.  This is an example of a postive feedback loop.  The parasympathetic tone also causes the internal sphincter to relax leaving only the external urethral sphincter to stop to urine.  In untrained animals the pressure exerted on the external sphincter overcomes it by activating reflexes which over come its contraction.  However in trained animals there is some level of control from the cerebral cortex which reduces the autonic reflex and maintains the contraction of the external sphincter which allows the passing of urine to be conciously delayed.  This is not indefinate however and it will be overcome eventually.

* Synapse in pelvice plexus or bladder wall

* Innvervate the detrusor muscle

* Function - empty bladder

 

* Syanpse in caudal mesenteric ganglion - bladder wall

* Allows bladder filling

 

* Synapse in caudal mesenteric ganglion

* Function - retain urine through increased urethral tone

 

 

* Innervates the urethral skeletal muscle - external urethral sphincter

* Function is to retain urine

Urination normally occurs until the bladder is empty thanks to positive feedback mechanisms in the urethra which increase parasympathetic tone in response to urine being present.

There is aspects of control by the Pons and the Cerebral Cortex with possible influences from the cerebellum.