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===Causes of injury ===
*Trauma
*Instability
*Lubrication failure
*Infectious organisms
*Immune-mediated disease
===Reaction to injury===
*[[Joints - normal#Articular cartilage|Articular cartilage]] has limited ability to regenerate
**Superficial defects are long standing
***Chondrocyte hyperplasia is ineffective at filling the defect
***Non-painful
**Defects reaching subchondral bone
***Filled with vascular fibroous tissue undergoing [[General Pathology - Disorders of Cell Growth#Metaplasia|metaplasia]] into cartilage
***Painful
**Fibrillation - loss of proteoglycans -> condensation of collagen fibres -> fraying of surface
**Eburnation - loss of articular cartilage -> exposure of subchondral bone -> becomes dense and polished
*Synovial membranes respond by:
**Villous hypertrophy
***+/- [[Joints - inflammatory|synovitis]]
**Hyperplasia