Changes

===The Process===

===The Process===

The bladder when empty is a small organ with folded epithelium.  It is able to stretch to an organ which is much larger than when in its empty state.  It has many stretch sensitive nerve endings within its wall which monitor how full it is.  As the bladder is filling sympathetic supply dominates and keeps the bladder wall relaxed and the internal urethral sphincter closed.  This stops urine from escaping the bladder.  As the bladder fills it stretchs more and pressure is placed on itself and the sphincters keeping the urethra closed.  As the tone within the stretch sensitive fibres increases due to filling then we see a switch to the parasympathetic system.  Above a certain level this triggers a contraction within the detrusor muscle which in turn further increases the pressure and thus further increases the tone in the sensory fibres.  This is an example of a postive feedback loop.  The parasympathetic tone also causes the internal sphincter to relax leaving only the external urethral sphincter to stop to urine.  In untrained animals the pressure exerted on the external sphincter overcomes it by activating reflexes which over come its contraction.  However in trained animals there is some level of control from the cerebral cortex which reduces the autonic reflex and maintains the contraction of the external sphincter which allows the passing of urine to be conciously delayed.  This is not indefinate however and it will be overcome eventually.

The bladder when empty is a small organ with folded epithelium.  It is able to stretch to an organ which is much larger than when in its empty state.  It has many stretch sensitive nerve endings within its wall which monitor how full it is.  As the bladder is filling sympathetic supply dominates and keeps the bladder wall relaxed and the internal urethral sphincter closed.  This stops urine from escaping the bladder.  As the bladder fills it stretchs more and pressure is placed on itself and the sphincters keeping the urethra closed.  As the tone within the stretch sensitive fibres increases due to filling then we see a switch to the parasympathetic system.  Above a certain level this triggers a contraction within the detrusor muscle which in turn further increases the pressure and thus further increases the tone in the sensory fibres.  This is an example of a postive feedback loop.  The parasympathetic tone also causes the internal sphincter to relax leaving only the external urethral sphincter to stop to urine.  In untrained animals the pressure exerted on the external sphincter overcomes it by activating reflexes which over come its contraction.  However in trained animals there is some level of control from the cerebral cortex which reduces the autonomic reflex and maintains the contraction of the external sphincter which allows the passing of urine to be conciously delayed.  This is not indefinate however and it will be overcome eventually.

Urination normally occurs until the bladder is empty thanks to positive feedback mechanisms in the urethra which increase parasympathetic tone in response to urine being present.

Urination normally occurs until the bladder is empty thanks to positive feedback mechanisms in the urethra which increase parasympathetic tone in response to urine being present.