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Canine Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)

Revision as of 13:47, 24 August 2008

1,582 bytes removed ,  13:47, 24 August 2008
→‎Common structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder
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The Scapula forms the basis of the shoulder region, providing points of attachment of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.  It is held in place by a synsarcosis of muscles and does not form a conventional articulation with the trunk.
 
The Scapula forms the basis of the shoulder region, providing points of attachment of extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.  It is held in place by a synsarcosis of muscles and does not form a conventional articulation with the trunk.
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*In ungulates, the dorsal border is extended by a scapular cartilage, which enlarges the area for muscle attachment.  This ossifies with age.
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*The bone is roughly triangular, with a prominent '''spine''' that can be palpated through the skin
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*The spine defines '''Infraspinous''' and '''Supraspinous''' '''Fossae''', inhabited by muscles accordingly
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*The spine serves as a point of attachment for the '''trapezius''' muscle
   
*The spine culminates in the '''acromion''' in all but the horse and pig
 
*The spine culminates in the '''acromion''' in all but the horse and pig
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*Medial muscle attachment comprises mostly of the '''subscapularis''', with the '''serratus ventralis''' attaching dorsally
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*The Scapula articulates with the humerus at the '''Glenoid cavity'''
      
===Clavicle===
 
===Clavicle===
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The Clavicle is all but absent in most domestic species, with the notable exception of the avian skeleton.  In the dog and cat, a remnant of bone may remain embedded in the fibrous intersection in the brachiocephalicus, which may prove misleading in radiographic images.
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In the dog and cat, a remnant of bone may remain embedded in the fibrous intersection in the brachiocephalicus, which may prove misleading in radiographic images.
    
===Humerus===
 
===Humerus===
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The Humerus is the long bone of the forearm, articulating with the scapula to form the shoulder and the radius and ulna to form the elbow.  In situ, it lies obliquely along the ventral thorax and is more horizontal in larger species.   
 
The Humerus is the long bone of the forearm, articulating with the scapula to form the shoulder and the radius and ulna to form the elbow.  In situ, it lies obliquely along the ventral thorax and is more horizontal in larger species.   
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*The head of the humerus comprises '''greater''' and '''lesser tubercles''', separated by an '''intertubercular groove''' through which runs the tendon of the '''biceps brachii'''
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*The shaft of the humerus takes on a characteristically twisted shape via a groove carrying the '''brachialis''' and '''radial nerve'''
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*Laterally, the '''deltoid tuberosity''' is palpable through the skin and connects to the head of the humerus via a ridge and merges distally with the '''crest of the humerus'''
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*Distally, the humerus culminates in a '''condyle''' which articulates to form the elbow
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**In large animals, it meets the radius via a '''trochlea'''
   
**In dogs and cats, it articulates with the radius medially via a trochlea and the ulna laterally via a '''capitulum'''
 
**In dogs and cats, it articulates with the radius medially via a trochlea and the ulna laterally via a '''capitulum'''
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**Caudally, all species show an '''olecranon fossa''' which articulates with the '''olecranon''' of the ulna
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*Medial and lateral epicondyles provide attachment for flexors and extensors of the carpus and digits
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==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==
 
==Joints of the Proximal Forelimb==
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