Changes

='''Pelvic Girdle and Hip'''=

==Pelvic Girdle and Hip==

The pelvis encircles the pelvic cavity and has several functions;  

The pelvis encircles the pelvic cavity and has several functions;  

* Forms the pelvic canal, the size of which can cause problems during parturition.

* Forms the pelvic canal, the size of which can cause problems during parturition.

=='''Bones'''==

===Bones===

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|ilium]], [[Pubis - Anatomy & Physiology|pubis]] and [[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|ischium]].  

The pelvic girdle is formed by two hip bones which are joined ventrally at the cartilagenous '''pelvic symphysis''' and articulate dorsally with the sacrum. The three components of each hip bone are the [[Ilium - Anatomy and Physiology|ilium]], [[Pubis - Anatomy & Physiology|pubis]] and [[Ischium - Anatomy & Physiology|ischium]].  

** The '''greater trochanter''' is level with the femoral head.

** The '''greater trochanter''' is level with the femoral head.

=='''Joints and Synovial Structures'''==

===Joints and Synovial Structures===

===='''[[Sacroiliac Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Sacroiliac Joint]]'''====

====[[Sacroiliac Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Sacroiliac Joint]]====

* In dogs the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the mamillary processes of the sacrum.

* In dogs the short branch of the '''dorsal sacroiliac ligaments''' connects the sacral tuberosity to the mamillary processes of the sacrum.

===='''[[Coxafemoral/Hip Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]'''====

====[[Coxafemoral/Hip Joint - Anatomy & Physiology|Coxafemoral/Hip Joint]]====

* The dog has the greatest range of movement in this joint compared to other domestic species. It has the ability to flex, extend, rotate, adduct and abduct its whole limb because of this.

* The dog has the greatest range of movement in this joint compared to other domestic species. It has the ability to flex, extend, rotate, adduct and abduct its whole limb because of this.

=='''Musculature'''==

==Musculature==

The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:

The muscles affecting the pelvic girdle and hip can be divided into two distinct groups:

*** Insertion - Trochantic fossa via a strong tendon that passes over the lesser sciatic notch.

*** Insertion - Trochantic fossa via a strong tendon that passes over the lesser sciatic notch.

='''Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus'''=

==Proximal Hindlimb including Stifle and Tarsus==

=='''Bones'''==

===Bones===

The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]], [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|Fibula]], [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.

The bones immediately distal to the [[Femur - Anatomy & Physiology|Femur]] are the [[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]], [[Fibula - Anatomy & Physiology|Fibula]], [[Patella - Anatomy & Physiology|patella]] and some minor sesamoid bones. Some of these are involved in the stifle joint, weight-bearing and providing attachment for muscles.

Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|tarsal bones]] and [[Metatarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|metatarsals]].

Distal to these bones are the complex series of bones that make up the tarsus, these are the [[Tarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|tarsal bones]] and [[Metatarsal bones - Anatomy & Physiology|metatarsals]].

==='''Canine Bone Specifics'''===

====Canine Bone Specifics====

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]]'''

*'''[[Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology#Tibia|Tibia]]'''

* The '''short medial collateral ligament''' has an extra branch in dogs that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.

* The '''short medial collateral ligament''' has an extra branch in dogs that extends to the medial metatarsal bones.

=='''Musculature'''==

===Musculature===

'''[[Muscles of the Stifle - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

'''[[Muscles of the Stifle - Anatomy & Physiology|Muscles of the Stifle]]'''

='''Vasculature of the Hindlimb'''=

==Vasculature of the Hindlimb==

'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''

'''[[Arteries of the Hindlimb - Anatomy & Physiology|Arteries of the Hindlimb]]'''