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New page: {{toplink |backcolour = |linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical |linktext =Cardiology |sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical |subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS |maplink1= Cardiov...
{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical
|linktext =Cardiology
|sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical
|subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
|maplink1= Cardiovascular Conditions (Content Map) - WikiClinical
|pagetype=Clinical
}}
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[[Image:endocardiosis3.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Endocardiosis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
''a.k.a. myxomatous mitral valve disease, mitral insufficiency, mitral regurgitation, chronic valvular disease''
*Common lesion in heart valve (dog)
*Most often in the mitral valve
*Rare in cats
====Signalment====
*Age: Middle Age to Old dogs
*Sex: Males
*Genetics & Predisposed Breeds: Most common in smaller breeds (Chihuahua, Boston Terrier, Poodle, Pomeranian); Large Breeds (German Shepherd, Collies)
====Description====
Valvular insufficiency due to thickening and shortening of the valve leaflets. Consequently, during systole a small stream of blood passes back into the left atrium causing a white jet lesion where the blood contacts the atrial wall and atrial dilation. Advanced cases progress to left sided (congestive) heart failure and then to concurrent right sided heart failure.
====Diagnosis====
====Clinical Signs====
Signs depend on stage of disease:
-Coughing
-Syncope
-Weight loss
-Pale or cyanotic mucus membranes
-Prolonged capillary refill time
-'''Left-sided heart failure signs:'''
*exercise intolerance
*weakness
*dyspnoea
*inappetance
*lethargy
-'''Right-sided heart failure signs:'''
*hepatomegaly
*jugular pulses & distension
*pleural effusion
*ascites
*peripheral edema
====Physical Exam====
-Incidental finding: systolic click heard in asymptomatic animals
-Murmur over the left heart apex
-Snaps, crackles, pops heard if pulmonary edema is present
-Muffled heart sounds in the presence of pleural/pericardial fluid
====Radiography====
-Left sided heart enlargement
-(+/-) Left atrial enlargement (DV view appears at 2-3 o'clock position)
-(+/-) Left ventricular enlargement
-(+/-) Dorsal displacement of trachea
-(+/-) Bronchial compression
-Pulmonary venous congestion and/or edema
-(+/-) Right-sided signs (distended caudal vena cava, ascites, pleural effusion, heptaomegaly)
====Electrocardiography (ECG)====
-Left atrial enlargement pattern
-Left ventricular enlargement pattern
-Rhythm disturbances (supraventricular arrhythmias: atrial premature complexes, atrial tachycardia, and ventricular rhythm disturbances)
====Echocardiography====
-Irregularities of the valves affected (e.g. thickening, shortening, and/or prolapse of the valve leaflets)
-Abnormal valve movements & valve regurgitation
-Left atrial enlargement (wide P wave)
-Left ventricular dilation (tall R wave, wide QRS complex)
====Early Stage of disease====
*Normal to increased fractional shortening of the myocardium
====Later Stage of disease====
*Decreased fractional shortening of the myocardium
====Treatment====
*Left-sided heart failure treatment given at the onset of clinical signs.
*Right-sided heart failure treatment given at the onset of clinical signs.
*Symptomatic treatments are also given if clinical signs persist while the animal is on heart failure medications.
=====Complications=====
*Arrhythmias
*Bronchial Compression
*Ruptured Chordae Tendineae
*Atrial Rupture
====Prognosis====
-Asymptomatic patients may live for many years.
-Some patients remain stable for years on heart failure medications
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical
|linktext =Cardiology
|sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical
|subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
|maplink1= Cardiovascular Conditions (Content Map) - WikiClinical
|pagetype=Clinical
}}
<br>
[[Image:endocardiosis3.jpg|right|thumb|125px|<small><center>'''Endocardiosis'''. Courtesy of A. Jefferies</center></small>]]
''a.k.a. myxomatous mitral valve disease, mitral insufficiency, mitral regurgitation, chronic valvular disease''
*Common lesion in heart valve (dog)
*Most often in the mitral valve
*Rare in cats
====Signalment====
*Age: Middle Age to Old dogs
*Sex: Males
*Genetics & Predisposed Breeds: Most common in smaller breeds (Chihuahua, Boston Terrier, Poodle, Pomeranian); Large Breeds (German Shepherd, Collies)
====Description====
Valvular insufficiency due to thickening and shortening of the valve leaflets. Consequently, during systole a small stream of blood passes back into the left atrium causing a white jet lesion where the blood contacts the atrial wall and atrial dilation. Advanced cases progress to left sided (congestive) heart failure and then to concurrent right sided heart failure.
====Diagnosis====
====Clinical Signs====
Signs depend on stage of disease:
-Coughing
-Syncope
-Weight loss
-Pale or cyanotic mucus membranes
-Prolonged capillary refill time
-'''Left-sided heart failure signs:'''
*exercise intolerance
*weakness
*dyspnoea
*inappetance
*lethargy
-'''Right-sided heart failure signs:'''
*hepatomegaly
*jugular pulses & distension
*pleural effusion
*ascites
*peripheral edema
====Physical Exam====
-Incidental finding: systolic click heard in asymptomatic animals
-Murmur over the left heart apex
-Snaps, crackles, pops heard if pulmonary edema is present
-Muffled heart sounds in the presence of pleural/pericardial fluid
====Radiography====
-Left sided heart enlargement
-(+/-) Left atrial enlargement (DV view appears at 2-3 o'clock position)
-(+/-) Left ventricular enlargement
-(+/-) Dorsal displacement of trachea
-(+/-) Bronchial compression
-Pulmonary venous congestion and/or edema
-(+/-) Right-sided signs (distended caudal vena cava, ascites, pleural effusion, heptaomegaly)
====Electrocardiography (ECG)====
-Left atrial enlargement pattern
-Left ventricular enlargement pattern
-Rhythm disturbances (supraventricular arrhythmias: atrial premature complexes, atrial tachycardia, and ventricular rhythm disturbances)
====Echocardiography====
-Irregularities of the valves affected (e.g. thickening, shortening, and/or prolapse of the valve leaflets)
-Abnormal valve movements & valve regurgitation
-Left atrial enlargement (wide P wave)
-Left ventricular dilation (tall R wave, wide QRS complex)
====Early Stage of disease====
*Normal to increased fractional shortening of the myocardium
====Later Stage of disease====
*Decreased fractional shortening of the myocardium
====Treatment====
*Left-sided heart failure treatment given at the onset of clinical signs.
*Right-sided heart failure treatment given at the onset of clinical signs.
*Symptomatic treatments are also given if clinical signs persist while the animal is on heart failure medications.
=====Complications=====
*Arrhythmias
*Bronchial Compression
*Ruptured Chordae Tendineae
*Atrial Rupture
====Prognosis====
-Asymptomatic patients may live for many years.
-Some patients remain stable for years on heart failure medications