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New page: {{toplink |backcolour = |linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical |linktext =Cardiology |sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical |subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS |maplink1= Cardiov...
{{toplink
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical
|linktext =Cardiology
|sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical
|subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
|maplink1= Cardiovascular Conditions (Content Map) - WikiClinical
|pagetype=Clinical
}}
<br>
===Description===
*On auscultation, heart murmurs are sounds that signify abnormal turbulent blood flow in the heart or surrounding blood vessels.
'''Murmurs can arise from any of the following conditions:'''
1. Increased Blood Volume
2. Increased Blood Flow Velocity
3. Valve Regurgitation
4. Decreased Blood Viscosity
===Types of Heart Murmurs===
====1. Systolic Heart Murmurs====
*Most common type of murmur among small animal patients
*Occur during systole
=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)
-Innocent Murmurs (e.g. young animals with temporary murmurs)
-Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses; conditions such as anaemia, fever, peripheral arteriovenous fistula)
*Aortic flow murmurs are the most common in normal young fit thoroughbred horses
*Valve regurgitations in horses can be functional or pathological (Endocardiosis is the most common form of older equine valve pathology)
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
-Atrioventricular valve insufficiency
-Semilunar valve stenosis
-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA, VSD)
====2. Diastolic Heart Murmurs====
*Uncommon in small animals
*Occurs during diastole
=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)
-Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses)
*Ventricular (mitral and tricuspid) flow murmurs are less common in young fit thoroughbred horses compared with aortic flow murmurs, but their presence can still be seen in normal horses.
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
-Atrioventricular valve stenosis
-Semilunar valve insufficiency
-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA)
====3. Continuous Heart Murmurs====
*Also called machinery murmurs
*Occur continuously throughout systole and diastole
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA)
=====Description of Heart Murmurs=====
1. Timing/Duration (Systolic, Diastolic, Continuous)
2. Location (Point of Maximal Intensity; Left Side: Heart Base (Semilunar Valves), Heart Apex (Mitral Valve); Right Side: Tricuspid Valve)
3. Intensity (Grading of Heart Murmur is on a scale 1-6)
4. Shape (Description from phonocardiogram:e.g. Holosystolic, Crescendo-decrescendo, Systolic decrescendo, Diastolic decrescendo, Continuous aka Machinery)
5. Sound (Quality & Pitch: High Pitch usually indicates ejection murmurs; Low Pitch usually indicates regurgitant flow murmurs)
6. Radiation (Description based on how far the murmur sound spreads from its point of maximal intensity. e.g. Aortic murmurs=radiate up carotid arteries)
===Heart Murmur Grading Scale===
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
!'''Grade'''
!'''Description'''
|-
| I.
| Barely audible (Need ideal conditions to hear)
|-
|II.
| Clearly audible at point of maximal intensity
|-
|III.
| Clearly audible (As loud as S1 & S2; +/- Radiation)
|-
|IV.
| Loud (Louder than S1 & S2; - precordial thrill; Radiation over thorax)
|-
|V.
| Loud (Louder than S1 & S2; + precordial thrill)
|-
| VI.
| Very Loud (Audible with stethoscope lifted off chest; + precordial thrill)
|-
|}
|backcolour =
|linkpage =Cardiology - WikiClinical
|linktext =Cardiology
|sublink1=Cardiovascular Conditions - WikiClinical
|subtext1=CARDIOVASCULAR CONDITIONS
|maplink1= Cardiovascular Conditions (Content Map) - WikiClinical
|pagetype=Clinical
}}
<br>
===Description===
*On auscultation, heart murmurs are sounds that signify abnormal turbulent blood flow in the heart or surrounding blood vessels.
'''Murmurs can arise from any of the following conditions:'''
1. Increased Blood Volume
2. Increased Blood Flow Velocity
3. Valve Regurgitation
4. Decreased Blood Viscosity
===Types of Heart Murmurs===
====1. Systolic Heart Murmurs====
*Most common type of murmur among small animal patients
*Occur during systole
=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)
-Innocent Murmurs (e.g. young animals with temporary murmurs)
-Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses; conditions such as anaemia, fever, peripheral arteriovenous fistula)
*Aortic flow murmurs are the most common in normal young fit thoroughbred horses
*Valve regurgitations in horses can be functional or pathological (Endocardiosis is the most common form of older equine valve pathology)
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
-Atrioventricular valve insufficiency
-Semilunar valve stenosis
-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA, VSD)
====2. Diastolic Heart Murmurs====
*Uncommon in small animals
*Occurs during diastole
=====Functional Murmurs=====
(Occur without a pathological condition involved)
-Physiologic/Flow Murmurs (e.g. athletic animals especially thoroughbred horses)
*Ventricular (mitral and tricuspid) flow murmurs are less common in young fit thoroughbred horses compared with aortic flow murmurs, but their presence can still be seen in normal horses.
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
-Atrioventricular valve stenosis
-Semilunar valve insufficiency
-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA)
====3. Continuous Heart Murmurs====
*Also called machinery murmurs
*Occur continuously throughout systole and diastole
=====Pathological Murmurs=====
-Cardiac shunting (e.g. PDA)
=====Description of Heart Murmurs=====
1. Timing/Duration (Systolic, Diastolic, Continuous)
2. Location (Point of Maximal Intensity; Left Side: Heart Base (Semilunar Valves), Heart Apex (Mitral Valve); Right Side: Tricuspid Valve)
3. Intensity (Grading of Heart Murmur is on a scale 1-6)
4. Shape (Description from phonocardiogram:e.g. Holosystolic, Crescendo-decrescendo, Systolic decrescendo, Diastolic decrescendo, Continuous aka Machinery)
5. Sound (Quality & Pitch: High Pitch usually indicates ejection murmurs; Low Pitch usually indicates regurgitant flow murmurs)
6. Radiation (Description based on how far the murmur sound spreads from its point of maximal intensity. e.g. Aortic murmurs=radiate up carotid arteries)
===Heart Murmur Grading Scale===
{| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
!'''Grade'''
!'''Description'''
|-
| I.
| Barely audible (Need ideal conditions to hear)
|-
|II.
| Clearly audible at point of maximal intensity
|-
|III.
| Clearly audible (As loud as S1 & S2; +/- Radiation)
|-
|IV.
| Loud (Louder than S1 & S2; - precordial thrill; Radiation over thorax)
|-
|V.
| Loud (Louder than S1 & S2; + precordial thrill)
|-
| VI.
| Very Loud (Audible with stethoscope lifted off chest; + precordial thrill)
|-
|}