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→Canine
==Canine==
==Canine==
===Canine Parainfluenza - 2===
===Canine Parainfluenza - 2 (aka Parainfluenza - 5)===
====Hosts====
*Infects '''dogs'''
*Infects '''dogs'''
====Pathogenesis====
*May cause mild upper respiratory infection, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*May cause mild upper respiratory infection, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
*Virus shed for a short time only
*Also part of kennel cough ([[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]), together with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
====Diagnosis====
====Control====
*'''Live attenuated vaccine''' may be incorporated in multivalent vaccines
*Immunity is short-lived
*Only reduces severity of clinical signs
====Secondary Concerns====
*Also associated with '''kennel cough''' ([[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious canine tracheitis|Infectious canine tracheitis]]), together with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
===Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)===
===Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)===
*Hosts: dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
====Hosts====
*Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
*Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
*Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
====Pathogenesis====
*Variable mortality depending on virulence
*Variable mortality depending on virulence
*May occur subclinically
*May occur subclinically
*Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
*Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
*Aerosol infection
*Infects alveolar [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]]
*Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
*Viraemia
*Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
*[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Respiratory]] and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
*'''Clinical signs''':
*'''Clinical signs''':
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
**Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
**Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
**The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes.
**The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes.
====Diagnosis====
*May present as series of infections
*'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies
**Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
**Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages
**Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals
*Giant cells may be seen in the alveoli
====Control====
*Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age
**Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation
*Homeopathic vaccines do not work
*Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries
====Secondary Concerns====
*Can contribute to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
*Can contribute to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
*May be involved in [[Pancreas Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
*May be involved in [[Pancreas Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]