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| | ===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]=== | | ===[[Canine Distemper Virus (CDV)]]=== |
| − | ====Hosts====
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| − | *Dogs, ferrets, seals, lions, mink
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| − | *Has been a major pathogen of dogs prior to vaccination
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| − | ====Pathogenesis====
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| − | *Variable mortality depending on virulence
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| − | *May occur subclinically
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| − | *Involvement of central nervous system generally results in death
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| − | *Aerosol infection
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| − | *Infects alveolar [[Macrophages - WikiBlood|macrophages]] or [[Oropharynx - Pathology|oropharynx]]
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| − | *Multiplies in the bronchial and other lymph nodes, infects monocytes and dendritic cells
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| − | *Viraemia
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| − | *Spreads via monocytes to a variety of epithelium depending upon the strain of virus
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| − | *[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Canine distemper|Respiratory]] and alimentary tracts, skin and later (1-5 wk. post infection) to the brain
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| − | *'''Clinical signs''':
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| − | **Mucopurulent oculonasal discharge
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| − | **Keratitis
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| − | **[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Interstitial pneumonia|Interstitial pneumonia]]
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| − | **Severe clinical pneumonia follows secondary infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella avium|''Bordetella bronchiseptica'']]
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| − | **Smelly sometimes bloody diarrhoea
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| − | **Eruptions on the skin including hyperkeratosis of the nose and pads (hardpad)
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| − | **[[PNS Repsonses to Injury - Pathology#Segmental Demyelination|Demyelination]] (especially in cerebellum) -> incoordination or muscle tremors -> paralysis and coma or convulsions -> death
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| − | **Encephalitis
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| − | **Secondary pyogenic infections associated with immunosuppression and damage to epithelia
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| − | **Recovered animals may have persistent or spasmodic chorea
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| − | **The severity of the disease may vary; if enough neutralising antibody develops in the early stages, the virus maybe kept restricted largely to the lymph nodes.
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| − | ====Diagnosis====
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| − | *May present as series of infections
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| − | *'''Immunocytochemistry''' of inclusion bodies
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| − | **Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be found in most affected tissues
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| − | **Inclusions persist longest in the brain (may be intranuclear) and the alveolar macrophages
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| − | **Sections of fixed bronchial tissue, lung, macrophages, bladder may be used or nasal or conjunctival epithelium from live animals
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| − | *Giant cells may be seen in the alveoli
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| − | ====Control====
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| − | *Live attenuated virus vaccines given at 10 and 12 weeks of age
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| − | **Some now given at 7 and 10 weeks to allow socialisation
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| − | *Homeopathic vaccines do not work
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| − | *Live attenuated vaccines may kill some wildlife therefore '''Iscom vaccine''' is used in seal sanctuaries
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| − | ====Secondary Concerns====
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| − | *Can contribute to [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
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| − | *May be involved in [[Pancreas Inflammatory - Pathology#Chronic interstitial pancreatitis|chronic interstitial pancreatitis]]
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| − | *May cause [[Bones Developmental - Pathology#Retention of elongated primary trabeculae|growth retardation lattice]]
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| − | *May also trigger latent [[Tissue cyst-forming coccidia|Toxoplasmosis]] due to suppressing effect on lymphoid tissue
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| | ==Bovine== | | ==Bovine== |